خون حرا م ہے: حلال انڈسٹری کے بنیادی قرآنی معیار کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Healthy nourishment depends on healthy food. General consideration of people is of being the food safe and edible for human consumption not its effect on their spiritual selves but the Islamic terms Ḥalāl and Ḥarām emphasis on both physical and internal safety. Islam commands to avoid doubtful and dubious things rather than to use Ḥarām. The unprecedented evolution and advancement of science and technology caused a revolution in the food-science and technology as well. Many new and innovative flavors etc. Took place of organic and natural consumables. Accordingly, the Muslims were in dire need of a robust system which would be able to convince them of the Ḥalāl status of the daily consumables. The article investigates the Sharī’ah stand on the issue of blood in the light of Qur’ān, Sunnah and comparative jurisprudence study, and modern sciences related to blood. Keeping in mind the Globalized Halal Industry all the researched is coupled with combined comparative study of all Schools of Islamic Fiqh, to make easy the way of Unified Halaal Standard regarding the blood. Under the main title The paper comprises subtopics of an introduction and few chapters, which deal with definition and functions of blood, types of blood, difference between blood of aquatic and land animals, comparative study of modern sciences related to blood and Shariah status of use of the blood in various industries in term of Halal and Haram.

Rules on Digital Trade in the Light of WTO Agreements

The World Trade Organization has been reluctant to respond to the different issues that come up due to integrating the digital economy into cross-border trading. The multilateral system’s slow reaction is principally due to the complicated, multifarious character of the digital economy or digital trade and country conflict over Regulation of the internet and digital growth problems. Agreements on International trade, especially those negotiated at the WTO agreements, are critical in establishing a protected, reliable, and dependable worldwide regulatory structure for digital trades. However, the framework of WTO was created before digital Trade arose. Unfortunately, there is no clear concept of digitalization in the norms of the WTO, especially GATS. The thesis will seek to explain how the World Trade Organization and, especially, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade implement data-restrictive policies and whether the WTO’s regulations can balance internet policy goals and Trade. It emphasizes the interdependence of the three essential concepts of internet governance that apply to cross-border flows of data, particularly security, privacy, and internet openness. It then presents a theoretical structure for aligning the General Agreement on Trade and Services with all those three objectives in order to enable an open and predictable structure for effective internet policies and digital trade. According to the dissertation, this approach is used with three types of data-restrictive measures: Cybersecurity related data restrictive, privacy related data restrictive measures, and online content control. This thesis demonstrates that the General Agreement on Trade and Service (GATS) can be implemented and interpreted wisely to comply with principles of security, privacy, and internet openness. For instance, commitments contained in the GATS's schedules of commitments can be understood technologically neutrally, allowing for either internet of openness or trade liberalization. Additionally, GATS access to market, National regulations, and non-discrimination’ standards (subject to pertinent exemptions and commitments from Member states) usually facilitate the opening of cross-border data exchange, thereby increasing the internet's openness. Moreover, under GATS's exceptions, Panels can differentiate between measures ostensibly related to online content control, privacy, and Cybersecurity and those necessary to accomplish these goals. Panels must take into account technical and legal information when conducting a comprehensive examination of data-restrictive measures under GATS provisions, such as reliance on knowledge and experience concerning the internet regulation. Due to the lack of international agreement on internet policy issues and the relatively archaic structure of GATS, the provisions of GATS are limited in their conformity with the concepts of security, privacy, and internet openness. Along with providing a more relevant interpretation of current GATS regulation, this dissertation suggests a multipronged strategy for further aligning GATS with the security, privacy and internet openness principles. For this purpose, it is essential to ensure that GATS clauses on transparency and mutual recognition are used effectively, that WTO law reforms are enacted to include a focus on cross border flows of data, and that alternatives to customary multilateral pathways, such as the creation of a non-binding WTO declaration on the flow of data and improved regulatory cooperation within pertinent global organizations, are considered. GATS, for Example, cannot solve all the problems relating to the data flow. However, this thesis argues that GATS can play a more significant part in stabilizing trade and policy of internet goals.