سرکاری عہدید اران کی تقررری، نگرانی اور محاسبہ عہد خلفائے راشدین کے تناظر میں

The period of the rightly guided caliphate is the best role model after the time of the Prophet of Islām, Muḥammad (S. A. W). The rightly guided caliphs crafted the best honest governing mechanism. They understood their commitment with their Lord, Allāh, and the people. They took up the responsibility for providing for the basic needs of their people, like food, shelter, education, peace, stipends of children, married and unmarried persons, social security and justice, etc. The caliphs would appoint the tax collectors, governors and other government officials on the basis of merit: their honesty, qualifications, experience, physical fitness, etc. Further, they, at the time of their appointment, would advise their officials in an open gathering to better use their abilities, resources and powers for the welfare of the masses. Moreover, the government prepared a list of the assets and the properties of their government officials at the time of their appointments. It they found, later, significant increase in the assets, it was investigated and asked for an explanation. If the officials failed to justify the means of the increase in their assets, the additional assets and properties were confiscated by government. In this research study, the author highlights the measures adopted by the rightly guided Caliphs to ensure honest conduct of affairs by the appointed officials of the government.

Analysis of Cytochrome Oxidase-I Gene in Tilapia Fish Species Tilapia Zillii

DNA barcoding is a technique concerned with the classification of things that is done with the help of small gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species in organisms mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) which is helpful in recognition of meticulous species. It uses sequence variety in a 658-base pair fragment near the 5? end of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene as a means for species recognition. DNA barcoding is a more defined and steady method in comparison with the classification based on the form and structure of the organism. It is equally useful in any stage of life cycle of fishes. The present research project was designed to recognize tilapia fish species (Tilapia zillii) of Pakistan genetically. Blood samples (n=30) were collected from Tilapia fish and genomic DNA was extracted and confirmed by 1% agarose gel. A short segment of COI gene (680bp) was amplified. PCR products were sequenced and analyzed by bioinformatics tools. Number of the haplotypes was 7. The haplotype diversity was Hd: 0.584 while nucleotide diversity was Pi: 0.00244. The mean intraspecific K2P genetic distance was 0.019. The estimated transition/transversion bias R was 1.40 that showed that this species possess very low genetic diversity. COI may supply a landmark for the classification of associated species at molecular level. As tilapia is extensively used for food and many other purposes so use of DNA barcoding technique is very helpful in discriminating it from other correlated fish species. It will also reduce the chance of mislabeling of tilapia fish species during its trading internationally as well as the species assessment at national level.