The Perception of Manobo Tribe on Different Aspects of Life: Their Effects on the Living and Social Conditions in San Luis, Agusan Del Sur

The study attempted to determine the perception of the Manobo tribe and their effect on their living and social conditions in Barangay Sta. Ines, San Luis Agusan del Sur. The descriptive method was used in this study describes the perception among the Manobo tribe on different aspects of life: their living and social conditions.  This study was conducted in barangay Sta. Ines, san Luis Agusan Del Sur.  There were only 195 of them who were taken as the respondents and researcher used the standardized questionnaire which were taken from the book of Mendez and used by the previous researchers. Hence, no validation was needed.  The random sampling design was used in this study in selecting the respondents. On the level of perception among the Manobo tribe, the Manobos agree on their belief in god as supported with the total average weighted mean ranging from 2.01 to 2.73 or agree.  They strongly agree to get involved in social gathering as evidenced with total weighted mean of 2.21 or agree.  They strongly agree on good aspiration as evidenced with average weighted mean of 2.71 or agree.  They agree on the family practices as supported with the average weighted mean of 2.45 or agree.  They strongly agree on good family upbringing accompanied with an average weighted mean of 2.57 or strongly agree.  They also strongly agree on how to treat visitors accompanied with an average weighted mean of 2.79 or strongly agree. On the living conditions, the Manobos rank 1 that they do not depend their main source of income but they work hard to have additional income for their family needs.  They also rank 1 that their house is made up of wood, Nipa and bamboos for the shelter of their family and the Manobo rank 1 that they usually used herbal for their natural medicine but they send the sick person to the hospital for the health of the family. On the social conditions, the Manobos strongly agree to establish a neighborhood relationship with an average weighted mean of 2.78 or strongly agree.  They also agree to establish kinship relationship and community relationship as indicated with an average weighted mean of 2.84 and 2.78 or strongly agree respectively. On the effect of perception on different aspects of life, belief in God, social; gathering, family practices, family upbringing and aspiration are best predictors in the financial condition of Manobo.  Aspiration, family practices, treating visitors, wedding practices and social gathering are best predictors in neighborhood relationship.  Wedding practices, treating visitors, aspiration, family practices, social gathering, family upbringing and belief in God as the best predictors in kinship relationship Family upbringing, aspiration, and family practices are best predictors in community relationship.

Exploring and Comparing Classroom Practices of Cbmp Trained and Non Trained Primary School English Language Teachers of Sindh

Developing quality English language teachers (EL T) at primary level has been a longstanding issue in Pakistan. Despite acknowledging this problem at policy and administrative levels, very little efforts have been made to improve the situation. In such a scenario, AKU-lED's STEP project initiated Cluster Based Mentoring Programme (CBMP) to provide continuous professional development to the selected in-service primary school teachers in 10 districts of Sindh and Balochistan. Through the CBMP first 130 mentors were developed through a customized diploma programme. The Mentors later developed a large number of teachers (Mentees) in their districts through rigorous trainings and follow-ups. The CBMP continued for five years and culminated in 2014. This research used mixed method and to explore the impact of CBMP training on the classroom practices of Mentee ELTs and compare their practices with a controlled group of teachers from the similar context who did not participate in the CBMP. The study was carried out in the three districts of Sindh where 40 Mentees' and 40 Non-Mentees' ELT lessons were observed. The quantitative data was collected by administering 'Classroom Observation Scale' while the qualitative findings were recorded as running notes, reflections and unstructured interviews. Non-Parametric Statistical test revealed that classroom practices of the Mentees are significantly better than the practices of Non-Men tees. However, the practices of Mentees yet remained in the category of mediocre practices. The performance of Non-Mentee were found to be weak compared with mentee teachers. Moreover, the findings also suggest that generally, English language is taught through old Grammar Translation Method and rote learning strategies. Further, teachers do not teach English language as skill or means of communication. The listening and speaking skills are also ignored. The research found that CBMP has been effective because it not only focused to improve the content or pedagogy knowledge but also helped teacher develop attitude, skills and relations. The study recommends creating the proper and continuous opportunities of in-service training for teachers in general and particular for ELTs.