ام المومنین سیدہ ام حبیبہ ؓ
ام المومنین حضرت ام حبیبہ ؓ ، ابو سفیان بن حرب کی بیٹی تھیں ان کی والدہ صفیہ بنت ابو العاس تھی جو حضرت عثمان ؓ کی پھوپھی تھیں ۔ ابو سفیان اور صفیہ سے ایک بیٹی ہوئی جس کا نام رملہ رکھا ۔ ام حبیبہ ؓ عبیداللہ بن جحش کی زوجہ تھیں ان کے ساتھ انہوں نے حبشہ کی طرف ہجرت کی ۔ دوسری ہجرت حبشہ میں بھی دونوں میاں بیوی شریک تھے ۔ حبشہ میں قیام کے دوران ان کے ہاں ایک بیٹی نے جنم لیا جس کا نام باپ نے حبیبہ رکھا ۔ اس کے بعد رملہ کو سب لوگ ام حبیبہ ؓ کے نام سے منسوب کرنے لگے پھر یہی نام بہ زبان زد عام ہو گیا ۔ عبیداللہ بن جحش مرتد ہو گئے اور وہ دین اسلام چھوڑ کر عیسائی بن گئے لیکن سیدہ ام حبیبہ ؓ دین اسلام پر قائم رہیں ۔
ایک شبہ کا ازالہ : ابن حبان نے سیدہ عائشہ ؓ سے یہ روایت بیان کی ہے کہ عبداللہ بن جحشؓ نے ام حبیبہ ؓکے ساتھ حبشہ کو ہجرت کی ، جب وہ حبشہ پہنچے تو عبداللہ بیمار ہوگئے اور وفات پا گئے ۔ جب اس کے انتقال کا وقت آیا تو اس نے رسول اللہ ﷺ کے لیے ایک وصیت چھوڑی ، پس آپ نے وصیت کے پیش نظر ام حبیبہ ؓ سے نکاح کیا اور نجاشی بادشاہ نے سیدہ ؓ کو شرجیل بن حسنہؓ کی معیت میں حبشہ سے مدینہ روانہ کر دیا ۔ ( امہات المو منین ۔۲۶۸) اس روایت میں دو باتیں قابل غور ہیں ۔ اول تو نام ہے جو اس روایت میں عبداللہ آیا ہے حالانکہ صحیح نام عبیداللہ ہے ۔ ابن حبان کو سہو ہوا ہے نیز یہ درست ہے کہ عبداللہ بن جحش...
هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على المشكلات التي تواجه عملاء المصارف عند طلب التمويل بالمرابحة، واقتراح الحلول اللازمة لمعالجة هذه المشكلات حتى تتحقق الاستفادة الكاملة من فرص التمويل بالمرابحة، وقد أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن من المشكلات التي تواجه العملاء عند طلب التمويل بالمرابحة تتمثل في: تحديد البنك المركزي لمجالات محددة للتمويل بالمرابحة وعدم السماح لبعض المجالات الأمر الذي يؤدي إلى حرمان بعض العملاء من الاستفادة من هذا التمويل، وأن السقوفات التي يضعها البنك المركزي للتمويل بالمرابحة ولا يسمح بتجاوزها لا تتناسب والطموحات الاستثمارية لبعض العملاء، وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة سماح البنك المركزي للمصارف بالتوسع في مجالات التمويل بالمرابحة، والسماح بزيادة سقوفات التمويل بالمرابحة حتى تتحقق الاستفادة الكاملة من هذا التمويل. الكلمات المفتاحية: المرابحة، مشكلات التمويل بالمرابحة. المصارف
The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between child characteristics, coping and stress in parent of children with autism. One of the objectives was to study the impact of child characteristics on paternal and maternal stress. The factors included in child characteristics were autism symptom severity, adaptive behaviors, and problem behaviors. The study also investigated the mediating role of family coping (reframing, passive appraisal and mobilizing family to acquire and accept help) between child characteristics and paternal, maternal stress. Moreover, the relationship of different family socio-demographic variables (age, gender of the child; age, education, and work status of mothers; socio economic status and type of family system) was also examined with reference to paternal and maternal stress. The measures used to assess characteristic of children with autism were Childhood Autism Rating Scale-2 (CARS-2), Adaptive Behavior scale-School Edition (ABS: 2S, Part-1) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The measure used to assess parental stress and coping were Questionnaire on resources and stress (QRS-F) and The Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale (FCOPES). Two independent studies i.e. study I and study II were carried out to meet the objectives of the study. The objective of study I was to translate and validate the instruments of the study. Furthermore, study I, consisted of three phases, phase I was related to Urdu translation of Adaptive Behavior scale-School Edition (ABS: 2S, Part-1), Questionnaire on resources and stress (QRS-F), The Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale (F-COPES) and few modification were done in already existing Urdu version of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). In Phase II content validity index (CVI) of translated instruments was established and in phase III other psychometric properties were addressed. Findings of study I, found that the content validity index for the translated instruments was well above the critical value of .80. Similarly, the instruments also showed satisfactory psychometric properties for the current sample. This indicated that the instruments were valid and reliable measures to be used with the present population. The Study II (main study) consisted of hypothesis testing. A purposive sample of 103 mothers and 83 fathers (having at least one child with autism within age range of 3 to 14 years) participated in the study. Results of the main study revealed that all three child characteristics autism symptom severity, adaptive behaviors and problem behaviors were the significant predictors of maternal stress. However, problem behaviors were impacting more on maternal stress, followed by autism symptom severity and adaptive behaviors. Whereas, autism symptoms severity was the only significant predictor for paternal stress. Further analysis into child characteristics revealed that core symptomology of autism was the significant predictor of maternal stress. In case of adaptive behaviors, poor personal self sufficiency of children with autism accounted for significant proportion of variance in both maternal and paternal stress but the impact was more for maternal stress. Similarly, sub facets of problem behaviors that were emotional symptom and conduct problems accounted for significant proportion of variance only in maternal stress. Moreover, present study also revealed that family coping (reframing, passive appraisal and mobilizing family to acquire and accept help) partially mediates the relationship between child characteristics (autism symptom severity, adaptive behaviors, problematic behaviors) and maternal stress. Whereas, in case of paternal stress no significant mediation effect was found. In addition, it was found that stress for employed mothers and those living in nuclear families was greater as compared to those who were not employed and living in joint families. With increase in mother’s age and monthly income stress in mothers decreased. Moreover, with increase in the monthly income of the family, stress in mothers of children with autism decreases.. Implications of the present study are discussed under need for interventions for families with autistic children in Pakistan and need for awareness in general masses regarding autistic disorder. Limitations have been acknowledged and future research directions have been suggested accordingly.