آثم فردوسی
آثم فردوسی (۱۹۳۲ئ۔۲۰۰۶ئ) کا اصل نام عبدالحمید تھا۔ آپ سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ کو بچپن سے شاعری کا شوق تھا۔ آپ نے فارسی اور اردو کے معروف شاعر سید نصیب شاہ کی شاگردی اختیار کی۔ ابتدا میں آپ کی شاعری کا رجحان روایتی شاعری کی طرف تھا ۔بعد میں آپ نے شاعری برائے زندگی نظریے کو سامنے رکھتے ہوئے شاعری کی۔ آپ غزل اور نعت کے شاعر ہیں۔ شاعری کے ساتھ آپ نے حصول معاش کے لیے وکالت کا پیشہ اختیار کیا۔(۷۸۴)
آثم فردوسی کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ’’سفر آفتاب کا‘‘ ۱۹۸۹ء میں شائع ہوا جو غزلیات پر مشتمل ہے۔ دوسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’عرش رسا‘‘ ۱۹۹۶ء کو شائع ہواجو حمدو نعت پر مشتمل ہے۔ تیسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’مہمان معلیؐ‘‘ ہے جو ۲۰۰۲ء کوشائع ہوا یہ نعتیہ شاعری پر مشتمل ہے۔ چوتھا شعری مجموعہ ’’سفیر کائناتؐ‘‘۲۰۰۳ء کو شائع ہوا۔
آثم فردوسی کی شاعری میں روایت پسندی کے ساتھ ساتھ جدت بھی پائی جاتی ہے۔ ان کی شاعری میں صرف غم جاناں کا ذکر ہی نہیں بلکہ ان کی شاعری کے موضوعات میں تنوع اور رنگا رنگی پائی جاتی ہے۔ان کے ہاں غمِ دوراں، اقدار کی پائمالی ،معاشرتی نا ہمواری ،رنگ و نسل کے امتیازات ،امارت و غربت کی تفریق اور انسانیت کی زبوں حالی کا ذکر واضح طورپر نظر آتا ہے۔ ان کی شاعری میں ماضی اور ماضی کی یادوں کا اظہار بھی جا بجا ملتا ہے۔ کچھ اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں:
آدمی کے خوں کو ارزاں دیکھ کر
وقت کی آنکھوں میں آنسو آ گئے
آگ اور پانی کی دشمنی ہے صدیوں سے
نفرتوں کی مٹی کو چاٹتے رہے گا کیا (۷۸۵)
کون سی بستی کو آثمؔ ڈھونڈتے رہتے ہو تم
درد کا سیلاب تو سب کچھ بہا کر لے گیا (۷۸۶)
تیرہ شب کے مسافروں سے کہو
In the post-industrial revolution world, social change is often studied and understood in the context of change in means of production, mobility, urbanization and change in the constitution of workforce. Role of ethical values is generally confined to personal conduct and manners. Industrial society is supposed to have its own work ethics which may or may not agree with personal ethics and morality. Ethics and morality are generally considered, in the Western thought, as a social construct. Therefore, with the change in means of production or political system, values and morality are also expected to be re-adjusted in order to cope with the changed environment. Sometimes a totally new set of values emerges as a consequence of the change in economic, political, or legal set up. The present research tries to understand the meaning and place of these values in a global socio-cultural framework. Relying essentially on the divine principles of the Qur'ān it makes an effort to understand relevance of these universal and ultimate principles with human conduct and behavior in society. It indicates that essentially it is the core values, principles, or norms which guide human beings in their interpersonal, social, economic and political matters. Islam being a major civilizing force, culture, and the way of life, provides values which guide both in individual and social matters. The values given by the Qur’ān and the Sunnah are not monopoly of the Muslim. These values are universal and are relevant in a technological society.
Screening of Brassica oilseeds genotypes belonging to four Brassica species including Brassica napus, Brassica Juncea, Brassica campestris and Brassica carinata was carried out under field and screenhouse conditions during crop season 2006/07 and 2007/08. Under field conditions average aphid’s density per plant was at peak during the 2nd and 3rd weak of February. Although non of the 12 genotypes was completely free of aphid attack under field conditions, nonetheless based on aphid density, Vangard with lowest aphids population (12.84 aphids/plant) was found to carry some resistance against aphids attack whereas genotype Legend with highest aphid density (37.94 aphids/plant) was on the other extreme. With respect to yield and its components, highest values for seed yield (2386 kg/ha), plant height (214.3cm) and number of branches/plant (19.20) were recorded in Peela Raya, whereas maximum 1000 grain weight (4.80g), siliqua length (8.31cm) and seed/siliqua (23.57 seed) were found in Westar, Ganyou-5, and Oscar, respectively. Highest oil, protein, oleic acid and moisture contents were found in Oscar (52.10%), T-16-401 (25.12%) and Oscar (7.09%) and lowest percentage for glucosinolates, linolenic acid and erucic acid were found in Rainbow (67.35 μm g-1), Ganyou-5 (8.78) and Crusher (36.44), respectively. Under screen-house conditions, with artificial infestation of 0, 5, 10 and 15 aphids/plant at flower-bud initiation stage in 12 Brassica genotypes, overall seed yield losses ranged from 11.08 to 75.88% from aphid’s density of 37.33 and 132.7/plant in T-16-401 and Vangard, respectively. Lowest average percent losses in seed yield, straw yield, plant height and branches, were recorded in T-16-401 (23.18), Ganyou-5 (20.35), Peela Raya (25.32) and T-16-401 (6.25) with average aphid’s density/plant of 59.00, 37.83, 65.72 and 59.00. Losses in both, siliquae mr-1 and leaves, were found in Westar (16.24%) and (7.21) with average aphids density/plant of 108.2. Highest average percent losses in Brassica oil and moisture contents were recorded in Oscar (5.90), and T-16-40 (21.27) with aphids density of 113.9 and 59.00 per plant, while highest percent gains in protein, glucosinolates, oleic acid, linolenic acid and erucic acid were recorded in Oscar (24.57), Rainbow (37.07), T-16-401 (19.82), Westar (13.93) and Legend (31.38) with aphid’s density of 113.9, 138.9, 59.00, 108.2 and 114.8 per plant. Among the Brassica napus group the lowest yield losses (16.25%) were recorded in Legend from 69.67 aphids/ plant. Overall, among the 12 genotypes Vangard, Crusher and Legend were the best. Based on comparatively better performance against aphids attack and making minimum compromise on yield and yield components and exhibiting increased oil recovery, the Vangard, Crusher and Legend were found best among the genotypes included in the study.