MEASURE THE LEVEL OF SENSORY PROCESSING PROBLEM IN CHILDREN WITH AND WITH OUT AUTISM IN CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT

Background of the Study: Sensory processing is the process in which all sensory stimuli integrate and enable person to respond according to the situation. There are number of sensory issues that either parents or teacher do not identify on early stages and various times it also cause behavioral issues or academic issues with in typical children too. The study aims to assess the sensory vulnerability of children with and without autism in the school environment and to identify the sensory issues. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Karachi, Pakistan. Total 86 children recruited and divided into two groups included typical and atypical children. Using a standardized questionnaire-SPM (sensory processing measure) distributed in schools and completed by teachers. Result: Autism affects both mainstream children and children with autism, with sensory process subscales showing significant differences p value (< .005) for t- test.  Autism children have higher sensory process vulnerability, particularly in social participation and praxis variables, compared to mainstream children’s. Conclusion: The study reveals that school initiates sensory stimuli, affecting children's vulnerability, even in special schools, despite providing structured environments for atypical children.

Studies in Soft Graphs Based on Rough Set Theory

The present thesis aims to provide some new approaches to combine graphs, soft sets, fuzzy sets and rough sets which initiate the notions of soft rough graphs, modified soft rough graphs, soft covering based rough graphs, soft rough fuzzy graphs, Z-soft rough fuzzy graphs and neighborhood based soft covering rough Graphs. These approaches will not only enhance the applicability of soft graphs but also help to discuss the uncertainty in soft graphs. Several applications of decision making problems along with detailed description of algorithms are given with the help of these graphs.