نظر کا دھوکا
طاہر طیب
دروازے پر دستک ہوئی۔۔۔ وے بشیرے !او جا ویکھ ۔۔کون آیا ہے باپ نے آواز لگائی۔۔جی ابا!۔۔ آیا بھئی آیا۔ ۔ ۔ دروازہ کھولا تو سامنے خلیفہ کھڑا تھا۔۔۔ جی سائیں خلیفہ بولیں۔۔۔ اس نے پیغام دیا کہ جمعرات کو پیر سائیں آئیں گے۔۔ یہ کہہ کر وہ چلا گیا۔۔۔بشیردروازہ بند کر کے آیا اور بولا ۔۔ابا جی ۔۔۔ پیر سائیں آئیں گے خلیفہ نے بتایا ۔۔۔ باپ نے پوچھا کب ۔۔۔ جمعرات کو ۔۔۔باپ نے سب گھر والوں کو جمع کیا۔۔۔او نصیرے۔۔وزیرے۔ ۔۔ سب ادھر آ جاؤ۔۔۔۔سب آگئے۔۔۔پیر سائیں جمعرات کو ہمارے مہمان ہیں۔
ابا جی پیر سائیں تو پہلے فصل کے پکنے پر آتے تھے ۔۔۔اس بار اتنی جلدی۔۔۔وزیرے نے حیرت سے پوچھا۔۔۔او وزیر ے ، آ! ۔۔،تو اپنی بک بک بند کر ۔۔۔ پیر سائیں کی مرضی جب آئیں۔۔۔ مالک ہیں ۔۔۔وہ ہمارے ۔۔۔ ابا نے غصے سے کہا!۔۔۔سب کو سانپ سونگھ گیا ہو جیسے۔
وہ بھی کیا دن تھے کہ جب بڑے بولتے تو باقی سب چپ کرکے سنتے ۔۔ اب تو بڑے اس انتظار میں ہوتے ہیں کہ کب چھوٹوں کاموڈ ٹھیک ہو تو وہ بولیں ۔۔۔۔ابا نے اٹھتے ہوئے کہا ۔۔۔۔ ہاں ان کے حقے پانی کا خاص خیال رکھنا ہے۔۔ ۔ میں ان کے لیے کچھ نذرانے کا بندوبست کرتا ہوں ۔۔۔۔صبح ہوئی تو ابا نے گائے کھولی اور اسے لے کر جانے لگا۔۔ ۔ وزیرے نے کہا ۔۔۔ابا کہا ں جا رہے ہو ۔۔ ابا نے جواب دیا ۔اسے بیجنے ۔۔۔ پیر سائیں کو نذرانہ بھی تو دینا ہے۔۔ ۔ میں چلوں ۔۔۔ابا کی آنکھ کو دیکھ کر۔۔۔ وزیراسمجھ گیا کہ جواب ۔۔۔نہیں کا ہے ۔
جاتے جاتے ابا نے کہا ! ۔۔اور وہ جو دو تین...
Pedagogical innovation is critical in the twenty-first century, and each university, classroom or educational institution must take this point as an ultimate goal of their educational system. Professors are responsible for preparing students to tackle new challenges, which is why innovative teaching methods have become important for keeping spirit up.
This paper sheds light on pedagogical innovation at universities and give a review of its many forms, features, methodologies, and significance in the twenty-first century. It has been found that the types of pedagogical innovation are classified socially and technically. Moreover, the paper asserts that the innovative teaching methods do not consider all students at the same comprehension level according to their different abilities and skills.
Diversification of exports is one of major concerns of developing countries’ trade policy. There are number of studies which suggest for diversification of export for sustainable exports growth and consequently for economic development. It is evident from various studies that export diversification is changed with the level of development. Least Developed countries have lesser diversification and their exports gradually become more diversified as their development level increased. This trend continues to a certain development level and countries specialized in selected manufacturing industries and finally at higher national income level their diversification level decreased. Pakistan is a developing country and follows the same trend of export diversification with comparatively lower speed. This thesis has analyzed the relationship between GDP and export diversification. The level of diversification is measured through various indices, but for empirical analysis the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is used to measure the product as well as geographical export diversification. The result shows a long run relationship between GDP and product export diversification, while the relationship with geographical export diversification shows no significant long run relationship with GDP. It is therefore concluded that the government policy of geographical export diversification, which is implemented through various trade agreement, is not giving the desired results. This phenomenon also confirmed by using the gravity model. The dummy variable on trade agreements and European Union’s unilateral preferential market access were found to be insignificant. The gravity model has shown a positive and significant relationship of exports and distance, which is contrary to gravity theory. The analysis further confirmed domestic credit, government expenditure on human capital and terms of trade as determinants of product export diversification. While variables such as openness, exchange rate, terms of trade and human capital are determinants of geographical export diversification. These results suggest for a product export diversification focused policy for Pakistan. This thesis has also analyzed Pakistan’s competitiveness in light of the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI). This index is created by World Economic Forum, and the data are released annually. Though Pakistan’s rank in GCI is very low, but our comparative analysis confined the South Asian countries which fall in stage-1 of development. The GCI has 12 pillars on the basis of which competitiveness ranks are determined. For the countries on stage-1 developmental level 60% weights are assigned to first four pillars of the GCI. It was found that majority of the variables used for measuring the competitiveness level come from opinion surveys. Therefore various empirical studies have not shown the relationship between higher GCI rank and economic growth. The correlation coefficient between export diversification and GCI for the countries on stage-1 shows a moderate relationship. Such diverse estimation shows that the economic analysis with GCI is useless. Empirical studies have argued that the measurement through opinion survey is useless.