حديث أُمرت أن أقاتل الناس حتى يشهدوا: دراسة في حرية الاعتقاد والفعل

One of the greatest epistemological accomplishments that Muslims have achieved is the establishment of an accurate system of deriving rulings from Sharia texts, which is known as ‘principles of jurisprudence’ or Usūl ul Fiq. Among the significant contents of these subject is dealing with the text which apparently contradicts to other basic principles of Islam or objectives of Sharī’ah. The job of a jurist becomes more significant and difficult in devising the judgments and interpreting the texts as reported by the fundamentalists: inquiring the validity of the texts, finding its weakness with respect to strong argument, and comparing them in terms of authenticity. Other times, he tries to reconcile between the contradictions by keeping in view a meaning consistent with Sharī’ah. The application of these principles gave birth to the variety and diversity of opinions on account of Ijtihād. Keeping in view the above preamble, the author addressed one of the famous Ahadith of Holy Prophet PBUH: “I have been ordered to fight against the people until they testify.”. This saying of Holy Prophet PBUH attracted Muslim thinkers in past and present to address its meanings and application. Likewise some related debate has emerged in the modern period as regards whether the term "people" in the hadith is used generically or specifically - forcing these people to Islam after defeating? The author in this context, addressed the terminology of hadith, its apparent contradiction with the principles of Sharī’ah, legal maxims, provisions, diverse interpretations, and added his own opinion. Descriptive and qualitative research approach was employed for the collection, demonstration and analysis of data.

The Effectiveness of Routine Physical Therapy With and Without Low Level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With Partial Tear of Supraspinatus Tendon a Single Blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Background: The shoulder is a complex, multi-joint structure in the human body. It plays a significant role in activities of self-care, work and leisure. Dysfunction and pain in this region can greatly impact a person’s daily life. Within the broad complaint of shoulder pain, rotator cuff disease (RCD) is the most common condition. RCD can cause extensive disruption of physical activity, but also affects mental health and social participation. RCD consists of tendinopathy of one or more of the muscles of the rotator cuff, partial-thickness tears (PTT), or full-thickness tears (FTT) of the rotator cuff tendons. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of low level laser therapy (LLLT) and routine physical therapy (RPT) on pain intensity, shoulder range of motion (ROM), muscle strength, quality of life, functional disability, supraspinatus tendon thickness and tear thickness in patients with partial tear of supraspinatus tendon. Materials and Methods: 72 patients with confirmed diagnosis of partial tear of supraspinatus tendon through musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSKUS) were randomly allocated into two groups by using a computer generated random sequence table with 36 patients in the experimental group (LLLT+RPT) and 36 patients in the control group (RPT alone). Baseline assessment for pain intensity, shoulder ROM, muscle strength, quality of life, functional disability, supraspinatus tendon thickness and tendon tear thickness were recorded using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Universal Goniometer (UG), Oxford Scale for Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), EQ-5D, Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH), and MSKUS respectively, before treatment. All the patients received 18 treatment sessions over a period of 6 weeks (3 sessions per week) and 12 further sessions from 6weeks to 12 weeks follow up (2 sessions per week). At the end of six weeks and 12 weeks, all the outcome measures were assessed again. Results: Repeated Measure Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed within groups, significant differences in the mean improvement in all outcome measures in experimental group both at 6 and 12 weeks follow-up. Significant differences were also found in control group for the mean improvement in all outcome measures except non-significant in tendon thickness, tear thickness and supraspinatus strength at 6 weeks whereas significant differences were found in control group for the mean improvement in all outcome measures except non-significant in tendon thickness, tear thickness, supraspinatus strength and deltoid strength at 12 weeks follow-up. An independent t-test revealed between two groups, at 6 weeks, significant differences were found for the mean improvement in tendon thickness, VAS, ROM, QOL and DASH except nonsignificant for tear thickness, supraspinatus strength and deltoid strength, whereas, at 12 weeks, significant differences were found in mean improvement for all outcome measures. However, there was more improvement in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The findings of the present study revealed that RPT with and without LLLT was equally effective for all outcome measures for both groups except tendon thickness, tear thickness, supraspinatus strength and deltoid strength for control group in patients with partial tear of supraspinatus tendon.