زندگی میں عمل کی اہمیت
زندگی میں عمل کی اہمیت کی وضاحت کچھ اس طرح ہے عمل کے بغیر تصویر زیست ممکن ہی نہیں۔ زندگی حرکت و عمل کا دوسرا نام ہے اور بے عملی یا جمودکا دوسرا نام موت ہے۔ عمل سے زندگی کا بگاڑ ہے،عمل ہی سے زندگی سنورتی ہے، زندگی جنت بھی عمل سے ہی بنتی ہے اور اس عمل ہی کی وجہ سے جہنم بنتی ہے۔ جام زندگی کے دوام کا راز گر دشِ پیہم میں پوشیدہ ہے، بے عملی نہ صرف انسان کوسست ،کاہل اور کمزور بناتی ہے بلکہ بے یقین اور بزدل بھی بناتی ہے۔ اس کے برعکس عمل انسان کومستعد، معتمد اور معزز بناتا ہے۔ باعمل اور محنتی لوگوں کو اپنی ذات پر اعتماد اور بھروسا ہوتا ہے۔ جب زندگی میں عمل پیہم کی عادت پڑ جاتی ہے تو اس میں اعتماد اور بھروسہ شامل ہو جا تا ہے۔ اور یہی اعتمادان سے بڑے بڑے کارہائے نمایاں انجام دلواتا ہے اور ان کو ترقی اور خوشحالی کے زینے پر چڑھاجاتا ہے بے عمل انسان میں ایک قسم کی بزدلی اور مایوسی پیدا ہو جاتی ہے۔ جو اس کے جسم و جاں کو مزید زنگ لگا دیتی ہے نتیجتاً سست ہو جا تا ہے اور پھر اس کے لیے زندگی میں مشکلات اور پریشانیوں کا درواز ہ و اہوجا تا ہے اور اس کے حوصلے پست اور روح پژمردہ ہو جاتی ہے۔
جو انسان صاحب عمل ہوتا ہے وہ اپنے کسی کام کے لیے دوسرے کا محتاج نہیں ہوتا وہ اپنا کام خود کرتا ہے اور اس سے وہ مسرت و شادمانی حاصل کرتا ہے۔ اس سے نہ صرف یہ کہ وہ دوسروں کا شرمندہ احسان نہیں ہوتا۔ بلکہ مسرت عمل بھی حاصل کرتا ہے۔ حضور صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم مجسم عمل تھے اور اپنا کام خود اپنے دستِ...
The term “Balãgha” is used in Arabic literature. The word Balagha is derived from a root “ بلغ” (Balãgha) meaning “ to reach” and the etymology is explained by interpreting the “Balãgha” as the art of reaching the listener in attempting to convey one`s idea to him, or the art of reaching the utmost perfection in the style and content of a composition. A perfect word for the term Balagha in English literature is Rhetoric. It is the body of principles and theory having to do with the presentation of facts and ideas in clear, convincing and attractive language. The traditional aim of rhetoric was to give effectiveness to public speech. Rhetoric is a comprehensive science just as much concerned with what one could say as how one might say it. It studies the effectiveness of language comprehensively including its emotional impact as well as its propositional content. The title of my paper reflects the rhetorical aspects of the Sūrah Al-Rahmān. It is a part of the Holy Quran.
Accurate and near real time wheat yield forecasting is important for policy makers and agricultural markets of Pakistan. Efficient and less labour intensive techniques of yield forecasting are required to support stakeholders. Wheat productivity depends upon irrigation water, fertilizer availability and rainfall in Pakistan. The per capita per annum water availability in Pakistan has reduced to less than 1000 m3 and is expected to reach severe scarcity level during next decade. Irrigating crops without measuring water and proper management practices is not a viable option anymore. The current study was conducted to address both above mentioned issues at Post-Graduate Agricultural Research Station (PARS), University of Agriculture Faisalabad for two years during 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. Reducing the amount of irrigation volume was expected to affect nitrogen availability. Therefore, response of varying levels of nitrogen was also studied for reduced volume of water per irrigation. There were four irrigation levels (control with 300 mm water for whole growing season, 80% of control, 60% of control and 40% of control) and four nitrogen levels (60,120,180 and 240 kg ha-1). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement. Irrigation treatments were randomized in main plots while nitrogen was kept as sub-plot factor and each treatment was replicated thrice. A model for forecasting wheat yield before time of harvest was developed and volume of water per irrigation was also optimized based on field experiment data. The results revealed that reducing irrigation volume from control to 80% did not reduce crop yield significantly. The response of nitrogen for 80% of control irrigation volume was same as for control treatment. Maximum wheat grain yield (4916 kg ha-1) was obtained with control irrigation and 180 kg ha-1 nitrogen (4743 kg ha-1) and it was at par with 80% of control irrigation with 120 kg ha-1 nitrogen (4461 kg ha-1) and 180 kg ha-1 nitrogen (4743 kg ha-1). To optimize both factors, DSSAT-CERES-Wheat was calibrated and evaluated. CERES-wheat model predicted the optimum level as 250 mm volume of water with 160 kg ha-1 nitrogen for whole growing season of wheat. The response of grain yield to nitrogen for different irrigation levels was quadratic. Quadratic equations predicted 240 to 242 mm water and 185 to 187 kg ha-1 nitrogen as optimum for whole growing season of wheat. The same experimental data was used for developing yield forecasting model of wheat before the time of harvest from Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Three satellites (QuickBird, Pleiades and GeoEye-1) and handheld Green Seeker were used to calculate NDVI. Random Forest was used to for modeling using grain yield as dependent variable while weather elements, irrigation, nitrogen and NDVI as independent variables. DSSAT-CERES-Wheat, calibrated on experimental data of 2012-13 was also used to forecast yield for 2013-14. The mean error percentage of grain yield prediction was less than 10% and 17.1% for remote sensing and CERES-Wheat, respectively. Random forest was further used to forecast yield of different districts of Punjab and Punjab province using MODIS NDVI and weather elements as independent variables in eight different ways. RMSE of the forecast results of the whole Punjab Province was 147.7 kg ha-1 and 148.7 kg ha-1 with mean error less than 5% using average and generic random forests, respectively. Forecasts of individual districts showed R2 of 0.95 with RMSE of 175.6 kg ha-1 and mean error of 5.86%. It is concluded from the study that reducing irrigation volume by 20% has no significant effect on grain yield of wheat and was helpful to save water. Near real time wheat yield forecasting using satellite imagery and crop models would be helpful for policy makers and stakeholders. Remote sensing using NDVI with random forest methodology and DSSAT-CERES-Wheat were good tools to predict wheat yield and both could be used in Pakistan.