پتھریلے شہر
میں شام کی اداس پگڈنڈی پر دن بھر کے تھکے سورج کی مانند بیٹھا تھا
’’کیوں ‘‘۔۔۔۔۔ ’’کس لیے‘‘
میں اپنے وجود کی نفی کے بارے میں سوچ رہا تھا
منتشر خیالات کا سیلِ رواں رگوں میں محو ِ گردش تھا
ذہن تاریک جھونپڑے کی مانند آزاردہ تھا
شوریدہ سری میری بینائی نگل چکی تھی
میں تصورات کے پتھروںسے ٹھوکریں کھاتا ہوا
اس جھونپڑے میں جا پہنچا جہاں کبھی زندگی ہار دی تھی
اچانک ایک ٹھوکر سے بینائی بحال ہو گئی
As all of know that start of the revelation of Holy Qur’ān started with imperative form of the verb as it is ended with like that. This shows that the imperative mood is one of the most magnificent topics of an Arabic language، particularly in the Qur’ān context. According to the opinion of the major scholars، both the commencement and conclusion of the Holy Qur’ān were in the imperative mood. Thereupon، the scholars of Arabic language took a keen interest in study of meanings of the imperative mood whether literal or figurative. From the abovementioned point of view the following article attempts to study the meanings of imperative mood، whether they are literal or figurative، and also it endeavors along with its connotations in the light of what is stated in the Holy Qur’ān and Sunn’āh as well as in the sources of Arabic language، to lead those who recite the Holy Qur’ān to the right way، guide them to the truth and to help them in understanding of the secret meanings of Qur’ān.
In this thesis, a novel technique to embed synaptic plasticity in neuromorphic hardware is proposed named as Frequency Dependent Synaptic Plasticity. This technique provides an alternate interpretation for plasticity which was conventionally modeled as weight value. In the proposed model of neuromorphic hardware, plasticity is implemented in frequency domain by considering a synaptic connection performing bandpass filtering operation. Currently most of the neuromorphic hardware are based on time domain based plasticity techniques. The proposed model attempts to contribute and suggest an out of the box solution for neurocomputational applications. It has been established through this thesis that the proposed model is biologically plausible in terms of implementation of different phenomena observed in a biological brain such as rate-encoding by Class I type of neuron, decoding of rate-encoded information by selective triggering at post synaptic side, resonance aware synaptic plasticity, population coding, role and interpretation of tuning curve, and frequency based neuronal communication. The proposed hardware operates in analog domain which is closer to the operational domain of brain as compared to its digital counterpart. This thesis also proposes a novel architecture to embed population coding on neuromorphic hardware. Further, it is explained in this thesis that a synaptic junction based on proposed model has a non linear transfer function which omits the requirement of hidden layer in classifying non-linear problems. This will allow applications to use least possible resources, employing input and output nodes only, as compared to a network based on linear weight values.