سرسید احمد خاں
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز صد رو میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کرنی ہے وہ ہے :’’سر سید احمد خاں ‘‘
ہزاروں سال نرگس اپنی بے نوری پہ روتی ہے
بڑی مشکل سے ہوتا ہے چمن میں دیدہ ور پیدا
صدرذی وقار!
بچوں کی پیدائش ایک فطرتی امر ہے، بچہ کبھی دولت مند اور صاحبِ ثروت کے گھر میں پیدا ہوتا ہے کبھی بچہ مفلوک الحال کے بغیر چھت کے گھر میں ٹوٹی ہوئی چار پائی پرجنم لیتا ہے ،کبھی بچہ دنیا کی ہوا لیتے ہی خلعتِ فاخرہ زیب تن کر دی جاتی ہے اور کبھی بچے سردی کی یخ بستہ رات میں چیتھڑوں میں ماں کے پہلو سے لپٹا رہتا ہے۔ یوں پیدائش کا سلسلہ جاری رہتا ہے اور شب وروز گزرتے رہتے ہیں۔
صدرِ محترم!
ملت اسلامیہ کو آج پہلے سے بھی زیادہ خطرات ہیں، فرعون صفت باطل قوتیں اپنے بھیانک عزائم لیے ،ظلم و ستم، جبر و تشدد، درندگی و سفاکی کی نئی تاریخ رقم کر رہی ہیں۔ طاغوتی طاقتیں مسلمانوں کے وسائل ہڑپ کررہی ہیں۔ ذہن خریدے جارہے ہیں، نصابِ تعلیم بدلے جارہے ہیں، اسلام دشمن قوتیں اس اُمت کو صفحہ ہستی سے مٹانے کے لیے جمع ہو چکی ہیں۔ یہ الفاظ 1830ء سے لے کر 1860ء تک کسی ادیب کے ضمر کی عکاسی کر رہے ہیں۔
جنابِ صدر!
ان حالات میں ایک ایسی عظیم ہستی کا انتظار تھا اور ایک عظیم شخصیت کی ضرورت تھی جو ملت کے مرضِ کہن سے بخوبی واقف ہو اور اس کے علاج پر بخوبی دسترس رکھتی ہو، اللہ تعالیٰ نے ہماری اس خواہش کو پورا فرمایا اور سرسید احمد خاں کی شکل میں ہمیں ایک آسمانِ علم وحکمت کا درخشاں آفتاب اور...
Islam is the name of goodwill, and Islamic state takes into consideration all benefits for their all inhabitants, belonging to this world or hereafter. In this regard an Islamic state has a status of mother, who keeps spirit of love for all his inhabitants and who doesn’t differentiate between Muslim and non-Muslim for the delivery of rights because the head of Islamic state or khalifa will be busy to emulate rules of owner Allah Almighty (S.W) and never interfere in the handover system nor seek any personal benefit, however he will be doing sincere effort to play his role the same way which is assigned to him. Since there is no existence of Muslim state in present day structure, so in this discussion it will be attempted to differentiate between an Islamic state and Muslims state in role and behavior, which will cover the following areas. The structure of Islamic state and institutional principles The role and status of an Islamic state in world politics Present Muslims state’s status and their role in world politics and affairs as will.
Phosphorus (P) is one of the indispensable element for plants to regulate key biochemical processes like photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage and transfer, cell division and cell enlargement. Although, sufficient amount of P is present in agricultural soils but generally it is unavailable for plant growth and development due to fixation and immobilization. Potato is used as a staple food in most part of the world and popular in Pakistan as well. Microorganisms with P-solubilizing ability have substantial ability to provide P, required for healthy plant growth. Present study was carried out to isolate P-solubilizing rhizobacteria from major potato growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan with the hypothesis that the P-solubilizing rhizobacteria would improve growth and yield of potato on inoculation. Out of 116 isolates, 31 were characterized as P-solubilizers with varying ability of tri-calcium phosphate solubilization (16.57 to 140.38 μg ml-1) in vitro. Fifteen isolates showed P-mineralizing potential with extracellular (0.9×10-10 kat to 6.07×10-10) and intra-cellular (0.32×10-10 kat to 3.65×10-10) phytase activity. Of 31 P-solubilizing rhizobacteria, 20 isolates showed IAA (0.5 to 13.84 μg ml-1) producing potential. Taxonomically these bacteria were identified on the bases of 16S rRNA gene and belongs to ten different genera. Gene considered for P-solubilization pqqE, was successfully amplified in four (P. brassicacearum KPS-5, Pseudomonas sp.KPS-7, Serratia sp. KPS-8 and S. plymuthica KPS-10) bacterial strains while ß-propeller gene (encoding alkaline phytase) was confirmed in two (P. brassicacearum KPS-5 and B. subtilis KPS-11) bacterial strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA, pqqE and ß-propeller genes showed their phylogeny at genus level. Phenotypic microarray analysis of potent P-solubilizers revealed their metabolic diversity and potential. P-solubilizers exhibited organic acids (gluconic, oxalic, tartaric, malic and lactic acids) production ability in varying amount. P-solubilization and organic acid production attributes were positively correlated (r= 0.9412 to 0.9912) with pH decline in culture medium. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of phosphobacterial strains P. brassicacearum KPS-5, Pseudomonas sp.KPS-7 and Serratia sp. KPS-8 showed their colonization potential with potato roots. These bacterial strains were labelled with yellow fluorescent protein (yfp), inoculated to potato seedlings and observed under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) which further confirmed their root colonization potential. Fifteen promising P-solubilizing bacterial strains were selected for plant inoculation test. All inoculations enhanced potato growth parameters. However, P. brassicacearum KPS-5, Pseudomonas sp.KPS-7 and Serratia sp. KPS-8 showed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher potato growth compared to other inoculated and un-inoculated plants. In another experiment, conducted in soil supplemented with phytate, two rifampicin resistant derivatives of bacterial strains P. brassicacearum KPS-5 and B. subtilis KPS-11 were successfully recovered from potato rhizosphere and rhizoplane at different time intervals up to 60 days after inoculation which showed their survival and colonization potential. Both bacterial strains significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the potato growth parameters in comparison with un-inoculated plants. Field experiments were conducted at three different localities (Faisalabad, Sahiwal and Rawalakot) to evaluate plant growth promoting potential of selected rhizobacterial strains under field conditions. Bacterial inoculums of P. brassicacearum KPS-5, Pseudomonas sp.KPS-7 and Serratia sp. KPS-8 supplemented with half dose of P fertilizer significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the growth and yield of potato when compared with un-inoculated plants with same level of P fertilizer as well as un-inoculated treatments with full dose of rock phosphate (RP). It is concluded on the basis of in vitro and in vivo studies that P. brassicacearum KPS-5, Pseudomonas sp.KPS-7 and Serratia sp. KPS-8 are potential P-solubilizing rhizobacterial strains that can enhance growth and yield of potato by making unavailable forms of phosphorus to bioavailable form. These bacterial strains can be used as P-solubilizing bio-inoculants with reduced dose of P fertilizer for potato crop.