کوزہ گر ۔۔۔اور شہر ِ اوہام
عدنان ظفر
ریل کی پٹڑیوں کے پارمضافات میں گاؤں آبادتھا۔ ہر طرف ایک عجیب سی چیختی ہوئی خاموشی تھی۔ راستوں پہ ہر طرف کیچڑ، بارش کا پانی نہ جانے کب سےٹھہرا ہو ا تھا، اور اس گدلے پانی کے کناروں پر جمی ہوئی کائی ماحول کو اور زیاہ ہولناک بنا رہی تھی۔ چھوٹے چھوٹے مینڈک تیزی سے پھدکتے ادھر سے ادھر جاتے اور ٹروں ٹروں کا راگ آلاپتے اس بے جان خاموشی کو چڑہا رہےتھے۔فیروز ایک کوزہ گر تھا ، جو اسی بستی میں ایک جھونپڑی میں محض ٹھنڈی مٹی کے ڈھیر کے سوا کچھ بھی نہ تھا، اور اس نے برسوں سے کوزے بنانے چھوڑ دیے تھے۔اس کی جھونپڑی میں اشیائے ضروریہ کی کمی اس حد تک تھی کہ جیسے فالج زدہ جسم میں حرکت کی کمی ہوتی ہے۔
پس ِ پردہ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔آٹوگراف
اہلِ شہادت ، اہل ِ محسنین اور اہلِ جمال۔۔۔۔۔۔۔!
افسوس کہ کچھ باقی نا رہا ، ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔سوائے آٹو گراف البم۔۔۔!
قحط الرجال ارزاں،
مردم شماری عروج پکڑ گئی، مردم شناسی ناپید۔
لوحِ ایام پہ سفرِ ِِنصیب لکھ دیا گیا ، مگر آوازِ دوست قحط الرجال کی مانند حرفِ شوق ٹھہری ۔آبِ گم کی تلاش کسی زرگذشت کے راہ کا نشان بن گئی اور شامِ شیرِ یاراں کےخیالو ں کا مدفن بنی۔لیکن آٹو گراف پانے کی خواہش ہنوذ جاویداں اور آٹو گراف البم ابھی خریدا ہی نہیں۔
اسے بچپن ہی سے مٹی سے لگاؤ تھا۔وہ گِل و لا سے ایسے مجہور کوزے بنانا چاہتا تھا ،جو نہ صرف حقیقت سے لبریز ہوں بلکہ ان میں انسانوں کی طرح کی وہ عادتیں بھی پائی جائیں جس...
Validity of the law depends on its derivation from legitimate sources. The term ‘source’ denotes the norm that validates a law. Western law is based on western legal tradition which is deeply rooted in Roman law and Bible. Statutes is one of the basic source of western law, however, constitution is superior source of western legal system. The sources of Islamic law, unlike to western legal system, are basically divided into primary and secondary sources. This study aims to compare the authority of sources of legal systems, Islam and western, and analyze the objections of orientalists on Islamic law and its sources.
Nanotechnology is a fast developing research field that seems to have a large considerable interest in different areas of industry and medicine due to matchless properties of materials that lie under the nano-scale range. One such area of nanotechnology that could be positively impacted in medical field is imaging, especially X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) as well as its role in cancer treatment. Computed tomography is a 3-Dimensional imaging technique at a high spatial resolution, however it needs distribution of an X-ray contrast media (CM) to distinguish clearly the tissues with minor change density or low X-ray attenuation. Presently CT vascular contrast agents depend upon iodine which is speedily cleared by the renal system in many patients. The aim of this project was to synthesize and characterize the gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and it bases on CT contrast agents in imaging and with advantage of its role in treatment techniques. In the first instance, solid gold nanoparticles (SGNPs) and porous gold nanoparticles (PGNPs) were fabricated with naturally occurring lecithin as surfactant. Comparison of both types of gold nanoparticles was done by different characterization techniques like UV-Vis spectroscopy, Zetasizer, zeta-potential, electron microscope and check the application of both types of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as contrast in CT scan. The results of CT imaging show that PGNPs are better contrast agents so good enhancement as compared to SGNPs. Secondly, a number of papers reported earlier with gold nanostars (GNSs) but all of these studies use same synthesis techniques with Cety trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactant and PEG as coating material and this method is double or seed-mediated growth method which is very complex. In this thesis, novel strategy for growth of lecithin-coated GNSs has been introduced via lecithin as surfactant and this fabrication method consists of one pot. These GNSs show absorption peak in NIR region that shows bright future of these nanoparticles in imaging and cancer treatment. Gold nanostars (GNSs) have enlarged attention as an X-ray contrast agent because of their high X-ray attenuation, nontoxicity and one pot simple synthesis and surface functionalization for colloidal stability and targeted delivery. Experiments included the investigation of gold nanostars in CT scan in vitro by Eppendorf tubes and in vivo study in living rabbits. These GNSs with different concentration were tested as a contrast agent in CT scan, the results of in vitro CT scan study show that GNSs have good contrast enhancement properties at tube voltage of 135 kV with current 350 mA up to 640, 720, 800 HU for concentration 40, 45, 50 mg/ml, whereas the value of CT number were up to 68, 88, 108 HU for iodine with same amount and with same CT scan parameters i.e. tube voltage of 135 kV with tube current 350 mA. The result of CT scan shows that GNSs are excellent contrast enhancement agents on CT scan at 135 kV compared to iodine. In vivo study on rabbits CT scan showed that GNSs enhance the CT image clarity at 135 kV as compared to iodine. These GNSs were loaded with Doxorubicin. The result shows DOX-loaded GNSs have potential against cancer treatment. Drug release study investigated that drug release more than 50% were observed in 25 hours in PBS containing solution at pH 7.4. Drug release study investigated larger amount of drug release at 37°C compared with 25°C. The effect chemo-photothermal therapy investigated cellular loss reaches to 55%. This loss of cell viability of MCF-7 cells was investigated upto 6 hours incubation in DOX-GNSs. Then to check cytotoxicity, basic biochemical blood parameters were measured in male rabbits. In in vivo study, the influence of the intravenous (IV) route administration of these GNSs in rabbits blood shows minor increase of white blood cells (WBCs) and hemoglobin (HGB) whereas decrease of red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets (PLTs) was observed. Blood serum results show that GNSs affect more on the liver as compared to kidneys.