قرآن میں استفہامیہ اسلوب کے مقاصد
قرآن حکیم میں استفہام کا اسلوب کثرت سے استعمال کیا گیا ہے ۔ مخاطب میں آمادگی پیدا کرنے، غور وفکر کی دعوت دینے، مخاطب کو جواب سننے کےلیے آمادہ کرنے ، اور مخاطب سے کسی حقیقت کا اقرار کرانے کے لیے یہ اسلوب استعمال کیا گیا ہے ۔ استفہام ،اثبات کے ذریعے بھی کیا گیاہے اور منفی اندازِ استفہام بھی نظر آتاہے ۔علاوہ ازیں تاکید، ترغیب ،توبیخ،تحقیر، عبرت اندوزی، شان و شوکت کے اظہار اور التفات و نوازش کے لیے بھی اسے استعمال کیا گیاہے ۔ یہ اقرار و امر کےمعنی میں بھی آیاہے اوراظہار تعجب کے لیے بھی۔ حسرت کے انداز میں بھی اور بانداز استعجاب و استہزاء بھی۔ مسلسل استفہام بھی قرآن میں استعمال کیا گیا ہے ۔ مذکورہ بالا مقاصد وحکمتوں اور اس کے منفرد استعمال پر ذیل میں بحث کی گئی ہے ۔
The way the religion of Islam has emphasized the human rights, might be any other religion has given importance to this very specific topic. Although in Islam, there has no any chapter making been made in Quran and hadith on the permanent bases on the topic of basic human rights, yet if some search is made to find out these Quran and Sunnah, these are also present in expended form in various places and along with these guided principles are also present there. In Quran there is admonition in many places for the protection of human soul, goods and honor as well. Whereas Hadith along with the other various teachings, specifically on the eve of the last sermon known as ( Khutba hajja tul wida) of the Rasool(PBUH) the prescribed charter of human rights is enough to highlight its importance, but no distinctive laws are cited with a special regarded to children. Anyhow, in 18th century, issues relevant to children came into view those also became the cause of many movements and all the countries are formulated unanimous laws which are still being applied. In present era, the social issues of the children are becoming obnoxious severe. On the behalf of these issues their growth, training and many other facts of life are also attention catching. In this article, an analysis of Islamic and International laws with respect to children will be made and those causes will also be cited due to which social issues of children are continuously being generated.
Alnus nitida is a medicinally important plant native to western Himalayas. In Pakistan it is distributed in northern areas and found abundantly in Abbottabad and Mansehra districts. Owing to the importance of the plant as a folk medicine, its wide distribution in the area and the fact that very little phytochemical work has been carried out so far on this plant, male flowers of Alnus nitida were selected for our present phytochemical investigation. In this study, we have investigated nine compounds (all new isolates of Alnus nitida) including a new one: close chain diarylheptanoid (2). They have been completely characterized by using optical rotation, ECD, UV, IR, MS, and NMR techniques. Structure of compounds 2 was validated through theoretical studies as well. The new compound 2 as well as known compounds were subjected to anticancer activity (in vitro) against cervical cancer. For this specific site cancer evaluation, HeLa cell lines and BHK-21 cell lines were used. Results showed that these compounds are potent anticancer agents. Some of them showed much higher activity compared to the reference drug, carboplatin. Computational studies have made tremendous achievements in the recent past. Conformational flexibility of dipeptides and correct assignment of isomeric compounds are challenging tasks. In the current work, we have tried to address these challenges. In the first study, the effects of intramolecular basis set superposition error and dispersion in the determination of correct lowest energy conformer of tyrosine glycine dipeptide molecule, by employing different levels of theory (B3LYP, B3LYP-D3, MP2, and M062x), are explained. The study identified the use of the best density functionals for conformationally flexible compounds especially those having aromatic moiety. In the second study, 1H-1H and 13C-1H coupling constants of possible stereoisomers of quinic acid were predicted to provide reliable assignment of chirality and positions of the hydroxy groups for quinic acids isolated from plants or the synthesized quinic acid derivatives. Analogous DFT techniques can be used to study systems similar to quinic acid such as octulosonic acids etc. In conclusion, nine isolated compounds (triterpenoid, flavonoids, open chain diarylheptanoids and close chain diarylheptanoids) with potent anticancer activity as well as conformational analysis of Tyr-Gly dipeptide and distinction of stereoisomers on the basis of coupling constants is a contribution in the field of natural product and computational chemistry.