میلا رام وفاؔ
میلا رام وفاؔ (۱۸۹۵۔۱۹۸۰ئ) ظفر وال کے گائوں دیپو کے میں پیدا ہوئے۔ طالب علمی کے زمانے میں ہی شاعری کا شوق تھا۔ ان دنوں ظفر وال میں قریشی ثناء اﷲ اور شیر محمد شیر کے ادبی معر کے زوروں پر تھے۔ آپ نے شیر صاحب کے سامنے زانوئے تلمذتہہ کیا اور ابتدائی کلام پر اصلاح لینی شروع کی۔ لیکن یہ سلسلہ زیادہ دیر تک قائم نہ رہا اور آپ روزگار کی تلاش میں لاہور چلے گئے۔
گو میں رہا رہین ستم ہائے روزگار
لیکن ترے خیال سے غافل نہیں رہا
کے مصداق آپ نے لاہور میں داغ دہلوی کے شاگرد راج نرائن ارمان دہلوی سے اصلاح لینی شروع کر دی۔(۲۳۸)آتش کشمیری اپنی کتاب ’’سرزمینِ ظفر وال‘‘ میں میلا رام وفا کے بارے میں کہتے ہیں:
آپ نے لاہور میں داغ دہلوی کے شاگرد راج نرائن ارمان دہلوی سے اصلاح لی اور ان سے بہت استفادہ کیا۔ استاد کی ہمراہی میں بہت سے مشاعروں میں جانے کا موقع بھی ملا اور آپ کا کلام اردو رسائل میں چھپنا شروع ہو گیا۔ زیادہ عرصہ نہیں گزرا تھا کہ آپ مشہور شعراکے پہلو بہ پہلو چلنے لگے۔ آپ روزنامہ ’’ہندوستان‘‘ کے نائب مدیر اور روزنامہ ’’ویر بھارت‘‘ کے مدیرِ اعلی کے عہدے پر بھی فائز ہوئے۔ تقسیمِ ملک کے بعد آپ اس عزم سے دہلی تشریف لے گئے کہ ’’اے سر زمینِ ظفر وال‘‘ میں تیری تبلیغ کو زمین کے کناروں تک پہنچا دوں گا۔(۲۳۹)
دہلی میں آپ ’’تیج‘‘،’’پرتاپ‘‘ اور ’’پردیپ‘‘ کے ایڈیٹر بھی رہے۔ آپ کے شعری کلام کا مجموعہ بعنوان ’’سنگِ میل‘‘ چھپ چکا ہے جو پاکستان میں نایاب ہے۔ جموں یونیورسٹی میں آپ پر پی۔ایچ ڈی کا مقالہ لکھا جا چکا ہے۔ میلا رام نظم اور غزل کے شاعر کے ساتھ ساتھ ناول نگار اور صحافی بھی ہیں۔
ان کی شعری زبان...
In the early days of Islam, either of the married couple entering into Islam does not affect their marriage contract and it continued to be valid even after the Emigration of the Holy Prophet (peace and mercy be upon him) to Madina. In fact, it has been observed until Hudhabiya Truce was signed. It was also included the terms if someone from Quraish without accompanying the wali approaches the Holy Prophet (Peaceand Mercy be upon him), he/she will be returned to Makkah. After this agreement, many women came to Madina and embraced Islam. But their spouses and relatives followed them their way to Madina. They claimed them back to Makkah. In this respect, Allah almighty revealed a verse of Surah Mumtahina, which is an express evidence that such believing women must not be returned to their former infidel husbands. They were commanded so to marry believing husbands after their separation from their disbelieving spouses. Through this verse, Muslim husbands were forbidden to stay and have conjugal relations with their nonbelieving wives, too. Similarly, every believing wife was forbidden to reside with her disbelieving husband. The companions abided by the ruling in its entirety and separated from their non- believing spouses. Jurists have derived many instructions from the verse 10 of Surah Mumtahina, which are discussed in this paper.
Metal clusters play key role in chemical industry, nanotechnology and cellular biology. Chemical industry depends on the selection, development and application of catalysts. The most valuable catalysts used in these modern chemical industries consist of metal clusters. Introduction of a dopant atom in a metal cluster significantly enhances the catalytic activity. Moreover, in heterogeneous catalysis, the ability of metal cluster to react chemically with different molecular species totally depends on the size of the clusters. Bimetallic nano clusters have gained significant interest due to their specific and matchless structural, optical, electronic, and magnetic properties and their significance in nano technology and catalysis. Full range of bimetallic silver-yttrium AgnYm cluster of low nuclearity (n + m = 2-10) are studied using the density functional theory (DFT) at TPSSTPSS method with a Lanl2dz pseudopotential. The results for various properties including structural, ionization potential adiabetic, electron affinity, binding energy, HOMO-LUMO gap, average bond length, total energy, bond dissociation energy and 2nd order difference energy are evaluated as function of (n+m) size of the system. Moreover, the results for these bimetallic clusters are compared with pure silver and yttrium clusters. Different spin multiplicities of each cluster are also studied to locate the low energy structures. Cluster with higher nuclearity (n + m ≥7) favors three dimensional structure where clusters with low nuclearity (m + n ≤6) except (n + m = 5) favor two dimensional structure. Ag6 cluster also preferred planar 2D configuration. All pure silver clusters are more stable in low spin multiplicity, while pure yttrium clusters are more stable in higher spin multiplicity. Multiple bimetallic silver yttrium clusters have stability at varying spin state. Based on binding energy values the pure yttrium clusters are more stable than pure silver and bimetallic clusters. Density functional theory calculations have also been performed on pure silver (Agn), yttrium (Ym) and bimetallic silver yttrium clusters AgnYm (n+m = 2-10) for reactivity descriptors in order to find active sites for electrophilic and nucleophilic attack. The results illustrates that atoms in a stable ground state in a geometry can be categorized into different types of reactive sites. The reactivity of numerous sites as a function of cluster size and shape was thus investigated. The investigation reveals that the sizes and shapes of the pure silver, yttrium and bimetallic silver yttrium cluster (n = 2-10) influence the number and position of active sites for an electrophilic and/or nucleophilic attack. Doping of pure clusters with the other elements also influences the hardness, softness and chemical reactivity of the clusters. The softness increases as we increase the number of silver atoms in the cluster, whereas the hardness decreases. The chemical reactivity increases with silver doping whereas it decreases by yttrium doping. Silver atoms are nucleophilic in small clusters whereas, in large clusters, silver atoms are electrophilic in nature. The research here is designed at the investigation of new bimetallic clusters with distinctive electronic properties. These distinctive electronic properties comfort in finding new applications in electronic devices. Furthermore, these silver yttrium bimetallic clusters are expected to have improved catalytic activity which will assist industrial processes.