عرب عہد جاہلیت میں ’’طلاق‘‘ کا تصور: تحقیقی جائزہ

Conjugal life is an important aspect of human society, on which a prosperous life depends. Almost every Culture, civilization and religion Legislate for family life. There is a part of these laws to end the marital relationship which is denoted by "DIVORCE". Divorce is mentioned in detail in Islamic Sharia, in order to understand them truly one has to genuinely consider and understand the concept of divorce in Pre-Islamic period of ignorance. There were several specific terms for divorce that were used in the Arab culture for example Talᾱq, Īela and Khula etc. But generally decent people use the word "طلاق"(Talᾱq) to end the marital relationship. There were some common causes and reasons for divorce in Arabs before Islam for example lack of mental harmony, infertility, bigotry, family feud and apostasy etc. The divorced women become more and more vulnerable socially and economically in ancient Arab and consequently their children less attention, love and affection of their mothers turning them into rebellious, nonconformist and ruthless individuals crossing all limits of oppression and we often see examples of such incidents in Arabs before dawn of Islam. These cruel customs and practices were uprooted through teachings of Islam which is based on justice, equality and basic human rights.

New Great Game in Central Asia: Convergence and Divergence Among Russia, China and Usa

Central Asia and Afghanistan has been the hub of international power politics among the big powers. The ―Great Game‖ there came to an end with the disintegration of Soviet Union - creating power vacuum in the region. The big powers rushed to occupy the space so that it may not be occupied by rivals. In this way a competition started among them for different competing interests known as new ―Great Game‖. Geographic and strategic location, energy resources, market and raw material in the region have been driving forces behind the renovated interests of the big powers and their convergence and divergence in the region‘s geopolitics.Through the application of Neo-realist approach, this research has analyzed the significance of the region and competition and cooperation among Russia, China and USA. It has analyzed how big powers interests have converged and diverged in CARs and Afghanistan‘s Geo-politics and the logic behind it. The main factors of divergence among the three are related to energy and its transportation routes, market,raw materials, land route between eastern and eastern world, strategic location and its role in bringing changes in the international system and US penetration into CARs and Afghanistan militarily.It has been concluded by stating that what strategies the big powers are applying for attainment, keeping and enhancement of power. The energy resources of the region are considered the means for achieving these exalted interests. It has also been concluded by stating that though the big powers behave aggressively and self-interestedly with each other but they may have a minimum degree of cooperation to deal with shared concerns such as terrorism, separatism, poverty, smuggling, illiteracy and drug and human trafficking. It has been predicted that hot war among them does not seem possible because their interests are mostly connected with the hydrocarbon resources of the region, its infrastructure, market and raw material. In case of war the infrastructure of the energy resources and market would be destroyed and the region would face destabilization. Furthermore, all the big powers are atomic acting as a deterrent among them. Presently, the region is dominated economically by China and politically by Russia and US is struggling to mitigate the influence of Russia and china in the region. Changing geopolitical scenario of the region and shifts in the loyalties and interests of the CARs and Afghanistan may change it. The CARs to materialize its interests are using strategies such as multi-vector approach, balancing and counterbalancing, playing big powers against each other.