پنڈت ہردے ناتھ کنزرو
یہ سطریں لکھی جارہی تھیں کہ پنڈت ہردنے ناتھ کنزرد کی وفات کی خبر ملی، انھوں نے بڑی لمبی عمر پائی، نوے سال کے تھے، وہ ایک جلیل القدر، مرنجان مرنج، بامروت، وضعدار شخصیت، پارلیمانی دستور کے بڑے ماہر ہندو مسلمان کی ملی جلی تہذیب کے عمدہ نمونہ اور اردو زبان کے بڑے محسن کی حیثیت سے برابر یاد کئے جائیں گے، وہ اپنی ترشی ہوئی بھلمنساہت کی وجہ سے ہندوستان کی سیاست کی جذباتی ہم آہنگی کے قابل تقلید نمونہ بن سکتے ہیں، بشرطیکہ موجودہ قومی دھارے کے بنانے والے ان کو ایسا ہی سمجھیں۔ (’صباح الدین عبدالرحمن، اپریل ۱۹۷۸ء)
Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that empha-sizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. Humanism as a philosophy today can be as little as a perspective on life or as much as an entire way of life; the common feature is that it is always focused primarily on human needs and interests. Humanism is a rational philosophy informed by science, inspired by art, and motivated by compassion. Humanism derives the goals of life from human need and interest rather than from theological or ideological abstractions, and asserts that humanity must take responsibility for its own destiny. Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethics based on human and other natural values in a spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities. It is not theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality. Islam rejects the basic philosophical premise that humans rather than God are the measure of all things and that all intrinsic moral values are derived from human desires and needs. Islam, like other Semitic religions, teaches that God is the ultimate source of all moral values. Humanistic psych-ology concepts are too vague. Critics argue that subjective ideas such as authentic and real experiences are difficult to objectify; an experience that is real for one individual may not be real for another person. For this reason, critics believe that conclusions drawn from subjective experiences are almost impossible to verify, making research in humanistic psych-ology unreliable. In addition, critics claim that humanistic psychology is not a true science because it involves too much common sense and not enough objectivity.
About 30% of perishable agriculture products are spoiled during post-harvest processing. This study has been taken up for the enhancement of existing post-harvest processing facilities using renewable energy by developing a continuous solar roaster (CSR) for the on-farm roasting of different agricultural products. Existing roasting techniques are not adoptable for the growers of developing countries due to high initial investment and rapidly escalating prices of non-renewable energy resources. A 10 m2 Scheffler reflector is used to generate thermal energy by converging the incoming direct normal irradiance (DNI) at a 460 mm diameter copper coil heat exchanger which is transferred to a 2000 mm long and 450 mm in diameter roasting cylinder by circulation of thermal oil. Hot thermal oil delivers the absorbed heat to products while flowing in a semi-circular oil jacket (13.5 liter capacity) installed beneath the roasting cylinder. Groundnuts were fed into the roasting cylinder through a 0.015 m3 capacity feeding hopper and slide towards discharge chute with the help of ribbon type paddle screw conveyor. Performance evaluation results showed that more energy can be drawn in winter season than the summer with standing Scheffler reflector in northern hemisphere and maximum cooking power was calculated to be 3279 W under the average DNI of 815 W/m2. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) technique was selected to design the experiments in Design Expert® (Version: 11.0.5.0 64-bit) software to investigate the single and interactive effects of operating parameters of CSR. The optimization results for maximum feeding capacity (15 kg) and minimum thermal oil flow rate (0.01 L/s) revealed that the conveyor speeds of 1.42 rpm, 0.99 rpm and 0.69 rpm corresponding to 14+0.1, 20+0.1 and 29+0.1 min roasting time resulted in light, medium and dark quality groundnut roasting respectively. Final moisture contents of groundnut kernels were found to be 1.99, 1.73 and 1.34% against the L* value of 53.42, 48.77 and 43.41 at light, medium and dark roasting respectively. On a sunny day, 140 to 288 kg groundnuts can be continuously roasted subjected to light to dark roasting conditions respectively with satisfactory food quality. The payback period of CSR was assessed to be 1.7 to 3.9 years depending upon the alternate source used for equivalent energy generation. It was also estimated that CSR can generate about 55 MWh energy for roasting in expected life span of 10 year. For equivalent energy production, CO2 emission by wood, coal, diesel, kerosene and gas were found to be 21.45, 19.25, 14.85, 14.30 and 11 thousand tons respectively. The overall system efficiency was found to be 39 to 41%.