تجارتی معاملات میں ترغیبات و مراعات کی انواع و اقسام: شریعت کی روشنی میں تحقیقی مطالعہ

Wherever person goes, he finds unless it finds advertisement tools in various shapes and sizes. These ads, which have become an important pattern in the life of traders are indispensable for them than in contemporary reality. But now companies are specializing in the production of these ads and incentives, taking advantage of all the modern means of magazines and broadcasting video and audio formats and even mobile internet services.  Each of these companies have their own philosophy of it, some of which consider the legitimate controls in advertisements but other are to make money regardless of the appropriateness of these ads or following the controls of legitimacy and this research aims at highlighting the most important of these Islamic perspective controls which must be adhered when designing these commercials ads.  Islam regulates the trade system and provides a sound guideline to its followers. It has forbidden all the malpractices being exercised in business and its advertisement. The research talks about the commercial advertisements, their types, aims and the opinions of Islamic experts about them. Besides, the research proves that advertisement is permissible according to shariah.

Factors Affecting Transition Time Among Capability Maturity Model Integration Levels in Software Development Organizations: An Empirical Study Based on Pakistan Perspective

In the recent past, the Government of Pakistan has invested significantly in the development of software industry in Pakistan. Most of the initiatives have been made by the federal as well provincial governments to steer the local software industry towards becoming a regional hub for Information Technology (IT) services and software development and manufacturing. Keeping in view the current efforts made at government level and the local software industry, there is a need to establish and practice the internationally recognized standards in order to ensure the gain of competitive edge as well the global recognition of software development firms of the country. In this context, Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) is well recognized, established and practiced framework that encompasses five levels of process maturity areas. To achieve a desired level of recognition and competitive edge amongst the software firms, the organization has to score high in CMMI maturity levels. However, the awareness and adoption of CMMI framework is extremely low in software development industry of Pakistan and only handful of firms has adopted and being practiced it. Furthermore, the CMMI framework is not a soundly documented area in Pakistan and this merits further research in the domain of CMMI ? in order to support and appreciate the adoption and adaptation of CMMI in Pakistan. The objective of this research work is the identification of the factors that have the potential to affect and delays a transition time between different levels of CMMI in software industry of Pakistan as well as to propose a Reference Model. The research objectives are aimed to achieve through adopting Hybrid-Method Methodology ? secondary research in the form of literature review to enable us to develop a questionnaire for carrying out the primary research while conducting face-to-face interview sessions with high profile software development professionals.