مقاصد شریعت کا تصور اور ان کا اطلاق

According to Islamic Jurists the main objectives, or purpose of Islamic Law (Shariah) are the preservation of faith, life, intellect, progeny, and wealth. These five purposes are designated as necessities of life and these are the primary purposes of the Shariah (Islamic Law). Protection of faith is the first and foremost objective of the Islamic Law as the Quran clearly mentions worship of Allah as the purpose of creation of human being.  Protection of life is the second purpose and according to Islamic teachings human life is sacred. The Quran clearly forbids taking human life of a person without justification. Protection of Intellect is the third purpose as human being has been given superiority over other creatures by virtue of intellect and reason. A Person with sound mind and intellect can think, act, react well, this is why Islam prohibits all kinds of intoxicants because they are harmful and may disturb faculty of reasoning. Protection of Progeny is the fourth purpose as Islam emphasizes on the establishment of lawful relationship between man and woman. It is the foundation for the establishment of a value-based society. Islam considers unlawful relation harmful for individuals and community. This is the reason that Islam prohibits adultery. Protection of wealth is the fifth purpose and the Islamic teachings’ emphasis on acquisition of wealth by lawful means. While the Quran enjoins that one should not earn wealth by unlawful means.  These dharurat (necessities are followed by the hajat (needs) and thasinat (complementary values). However the scope of these purposes goes beyond them and they include protection of civilization, culture, establishing peace, harmony, security, elimination of violence, maintenance of equality, and so on.  In this article all these five kinds of dharurat (necessities) have been elaborated while in the last portion a review has been carried out for their relevance and implementation in the contemporary era.

An Exploration of Interactive and Interactional Relationship Metadiscourse in Research Discourses of Pakistan Through Corpus-Based Techniquesan Exploration of Interactive and Interactional Relationship Metadiscourse in Research Discourses of Pakistan Through Corpus-Based Techniques

Various manifestations of English language including English for specific, academic and research purposes have been witnessed in the recent two decades owing to expansion of English as a global language (Mauranen, 2013; Crystal, 2012).These manifestations have led, in the recent years, register and genre based investigations on variations of language, culture and disciplines which have revealed distinct cognitive schema of the discourse practitioners. These investigations offered new discursive and pragmatic insights of exploring a current shift from text to text producers and text consumers as metadiscourse (Hyland, 2005). This focus has sensitized many researchers across languages, cultures and disciplines to investigate interactive and interactional patterns grounded in discourses in general and research discourses in particular (Hu, & Cao, 2015; Akbas, 2014). However, disciplinary variation of this twofold interaction needs to have more attention of the researchers (Hyland, 2017) to find out distinct set of metadiscursive attitudes and behaviors of different academic tribes. Therefore, the current study aims at exploring this two-way interactive phenomenon of negotiation, persuasion and engagement in a corpus of 354146 words comprising of 104 research articles published in Pakistani research journals from Hard Sciences and Soft Sciences. Hyland’s (2005) framework of interpersonal model was applied through an exclusive corpus tool i.e MetaPak (Abbas et al., 2017b) in the present study. Along with discovering prototypicality in intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary variation of metadiscourse, I found a new phenomenon of interpersonal role of author exclusivity in Pakistani research discourses. This new dimension of self-mention may serve as a significant framework for investigating interactive and interactional role of author exclusive pronouns. In addition, variation of metadiscourse found across disciplines of Hard Sciences and Soft Sciences in the current study also contributes in the existing exegeses of knowledge pertaining to metadiscourse. This disciplinary variation was found with various quantitative patterns. For example, Code Glosses were found the most dominant interactive metadiscursive strategy employed in both the fields of Hard Sciences and Soft Sciences. In this study I have identified and established few more forms of Code Glosses marked off by parentheses including numeric, acronyms, and abbreviation as sources of meaning elaboration. In addition, more employment of Evidentials in Soft Sciences than Hard Sciences with normalized values of 442.6 and 324.8 respectively were also noticed.And more importantly, the development of MetaPak as a result of this study would facilitate enhancing the research of metadiscourse.