حدود میں تخفیف کے مواقع
مندرجہ ذیل چند اہم پہلوؤں کی نشان دہی کی جا رہی ہے، جن کی بناء پر حدود (عقوبات) میں معافی یا تخفیف کی گنجائش ملتی ہے:
1۔ اگر شریعت کا کوئی دوسرا اصول کسی خاص مجرم پر سزا کے نفاذ میں مانع ہو تو اسے سزا سے مستثنیٰ قرار دیا جائے گایا اس کے لیے متبادل سزا تجویز کی جائے گی ، جیسا کہ رسول اللہﷺ کے فیصلوں سے ثابت ہے۔ حضرت نعیم بن مسعود اشجعی (م:36ھ)سے روایت ہے ، جب بنو حنیفہ کے مدعی نبوت مسیلمہ کے دو قاصد اس کا خط لے کر رسول اللہ ﷺ کی خدمت میں حاضر ہوئے تو آپ ﷺنے ان سے پوچھا کہ کیا وہ مسیلمہ کی نبوت پر ایما ن رکھتے ہیں ؟ انہوں نے اثبات میں جواب دیا تو رسول اللہ نے ارشاد فرمایا
" لو لا أن الرسل لا تقتل لضربت أعناقكما۔"49
" اگر قاصدوں کو قتل نہ کرنے کی روایت ہوتی تو میں تم دونوں کی گردن مار دیتا۔ "
اس کا مطلب یہ تھا کہ اگرچہ ارتداد کی وجہ سے وہ دونوں قاصد قتل کے مستحق ہو چکے تھے ، لیکن قاصدوں اور سفیروں کے احترام اور ان کی حفاظت کا ایک دوسرا اخلاقی اصول اس پر عمل کرنے میں مانع تھا اور آپ نے اسی کا لحاظ کرتے ہوئے انہیں بحفاظت واپس جانے دیا ۔ آپ ﷺنے اسی اصول پر یہ ہدایت کی کہ اگر باپ اپنے بیٹے کو قتل کردے تو اسے قصاص میں قتل نہ کیا جائے۔ حضرت سراقہ بن مالک (م:24ھ)سے روایت ہے
" رسول الله ﷺ يقيد الأب من ابنه ولا يقيد الابن من أبيه۔"50
" رسول اللہﷺ باپ پر بیٹے کے قتل میں قصاص نہیں دلوایا کرتے تھے جب کہ بیٹے سے باپ کے قتل میں قصاص دلواتے تھے۔ "
2۔ سزا...
Intelligence system is considered to be one of the important tools used by military and civil secret agencies to defend and strengthen a nation. Intelligence system is thought to be one of the oldest studies of known history. Intelligence system consists of correct and accurate information, gathered after great struggle and facing difficulties. This department if related to both peace and war. Intelligence is a basis of formulating all military strategies and plans. The importance of intelligence system both in day to day life and as a nation cannot be overemphasized. This article recounts the intelligence systems and management of the resources of secret services of the companions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) and, thereafter, the Muslims rulers. Furthermore, the principles derived from the era of the companions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) regarding intelligence system have also been discussed in this chapter. The guiding principles that are still valid even today includes: (a) Training of Personnel Since espionage helps to strengthen the roots of a state and protect it from its enemies, therefore it requires a team of well trained professionals with latest technology and trends. Islam emphasized on two aspects of early warning, one is professional and the other is ethical.(b) Counter Espionage. An Islamic state must have an effective network of espionage to keep an eye on all the activities of the enemy. This is known as counter espionage. (c) Reconnaissance. This aims at the fore knowledge of the intentions of the enemy so that one can have a better planning in case of an attack. (d) Verification of Information. Information from an agent should be verified from other sources. An operative may feed false information due to lack of experience and competency and that may create an embarrassing situation. (e) Security of Information. Don’t share your secret, try to protect them. If national secrets are compromised they may cause an extensive damage to national interest. (f) Interrogation of POW. Whenever enemy spies or soldiers are arrested in a war they should be interrogated for extraction of information. They may be subjected to mental stress. (g) Fore Warning of the Enemy. This requires the launching of own agents in the enemy ranks for knowledge of their future plan likes attacks. (h)Treatment of Spies. If anyone is found to be guilty of spying for enemy, he may be penalized with death punishment.
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Multi drug resistant tuberculosis is a form of tuberculosis caused by a strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex which are resistant to at least Isoniazid and Rifampicin with or without resistance to any other first line antituberculosis treatment (ATT). Multiple factors have been identified those lead to multi drug resistance response to tuberculosis. Treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis requires treatment with second line drugs, usually four or more TB drugs for a minimum period of 6 months and probably extending for 18-24 months if rifampicin resistance has been identified. Linezolid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of serious infections caused by gram positive bacteria and in highly resistant tuberculosis strain and cases that are otherwise complicated to treat. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to determine the demographic features of participants in this study, to determine risk factors in multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and to conduct a clinical trial for the determination of efficacy of linezolid in patients with multi drug resistant tuberculosis. Study design; To determine the demographic features of Tuberculosis, cross sectional study, to determine the risk factors in patients with Tuberculosis and multi-drug resistant Tuberculosis, analytical cross sectional study and to conduct the clinical trial for examining the efficacy of Linezolid for treatment of multi drug resistant tuberculosis, clinical trial was conducted by using the study design of experimental epidemiology (Single blind randomized control trial phase-4) Study Universe: Public sector Hospital, Lahore Pakistan. Study population: Tuberculosis and multi-drug resistant tuberculosis patients registered or followed by Outpatient Department of public sector Hospital Lahore Sampling Technique;: Convenient sampling for project-1 & 2 and Simple Random Sampling for project-3 Study Duration: One year (1st Dec 2016 to 30th Nov2017) DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE; using convenient sampling/simple random sampling technique, data collected through a questionnaire. Subjects from public sector hospital were enrolled in the study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were investigated, examined, monitored and data recorded in a questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version RESULTS; During demographic analysis of patients with tuberculosis, it was observed that female cases were higher than male cases. Age group 18-34 years was maximally affected by tuberculosis. The disease had a decreasing trend with aging. In both genders number of cases was decreasing with increase of age. There were only a few cases above 60 years of age. Majority of cases belonged to Lahore or its suburbs. . Majority of the cases belonged to urban area, had lower class and low socioeconomic status. Males were more educated as compared to females. Majority of the cases were relapsed. Two third cases had extra pulmonary Tuberculosis. In extra pulmonary tuberculosis, majority of cases involved lymph nodes. The risk factors for tuberculosis and multi-drug resistant tuberculosis were not common. In randomized control trial with Linezolid, 90% cases of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis were pulmonary tuberculosis. Treatment with Linezolid proved to be effective in 60% cases. CONCLUSION; In this study analysis of demographic profile showed that the number of female patients was increasing. The age group 18-44 years was maximally affected. In randomized control trial with Linezolid, 90% cases of multidrug resistant tuberculosis were pulmonary. Treatment with Linezolid proved to be effective in 60% cases with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis.