اجماع کی اہمیت شریعت اسلامی کی روشنی میں

Ijmāʿ is an important mode of Ijtihād and well known principle of Islamic Sharʿiah. Historically it is evident that incidence of Ijmāʿ )Consensus( restricted only to four Caliphates of Islam only. This Collective Ijtihād and Collective Opinion was actually the decision of the Islamic State followed and obeyed by the all Muslims specially by "Ṣaḥābah" (Companions of the Holy Prophet), this is why it is called Ijmāʿ-e- Ṣaḥābah. These decisions were applicable and binding to all Muslims living elsewhere in the world, because at that time there was centralized ruling system (Khilāfat-e-Wāḥidah). Now Muslim world has split into many states, so every state has its own decision making institutions and hence such Ijtihād and Ijmāʿ, Islamic Legislation Activities should be validated within those states as Ijtihād and Ijmāʿ except issues relevant to general interest as whole human being and all Muslims. In such issues International level consensus of Islamic Jurists would be required. "Ijmāʿ", actually it is the same processes. More over any "Ijmāʿ" held in a time period can be revoked by any new situation in future as per requirement of the time. It is the inevitable demand of dynamism of Islam to correlate it to every need of the time.

Perceptive Research on Irrigation Scheduling and Water Management

The growing demand and increasing fresh-water scarcity urgently require effective and sustainable management of water for irrigation to assure future requirements of food and fiber production. The sustainable management uses advanced technologies to improve water use efficiency. The computer-based irrigation models are globally accepted as most consistent management tools for efficiently using irrigation water on field. An irrigation scheduling computer model (Mehran) is developed basically as an irrigation research and management tool. The Mehran Model is an integrated decision support system (DSS), which is designed using Visual Basic-6.0 platform to compute Reference Evapotranspiration (ET o ) by FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. Crop Evapotranspiration (ET c ) and irrigation schedules are computed by the model using daily soil-water balance and dual crop coefficients approaches. The model distinguishes soil texture classes and different irrigation methods, and also considers 66 regional and international crop types. The model computes soil-water profiles variation with respect to the time and existing root depth of the crop. The model interface provides multiple choices to user for designing irrigation schedules by (a) Real-time daily water balance, (b) Planning on demand system, (c) Planning rotational system, and (d) Synchronizing on demand and rotational (warabandi) systems. The model has been field tested and validated on planning and management of various irrigation schedules for cotton and wheat crops in Lower Indus Basin of Pakistan. The field experiments at management allowed depletion (MAD) level of 55, 65 and 75% were carried out for cotton crop, and at MAD level of 45, 55 and 65% for wheat crop. The daily actual crop evapotranspiration (ET ca ) was observed through gypsum block readings and a drainage lysimeter. The observed seasonal cotton crop actual Evapotranspirations (ET ca ) in the experiments were 486, 413, and 397 mm and those computed by the model iwere 504, 421, and 404 mm. Similarly the observed seasonal wheat crop ET c was 363, 359, and 332 mm, and those computed were 383, 369, and 355 mm. The crop water use efficiency (WUE) determined in terms of seed-cotton yield per unit of land and per unit of seasonal ET c were computed to be 6.0, 6.5, and 5.8 kg (ha mm) −1 . The corresponding water use efficiencies (WUEs) for the wheat crops were obtained 14.1, 15.0 and 13.4 kg (ha mm) −1 . The highest crop WUE was achieved with MAD at 65% for cotton crop and at 55% for wheat crop’s experiments. The model averagely overestimated seasonal ET c of cotton crop merely by 2.41% and 4.31% for wheat crop. Weekly root depth and daily soil-moisture measurements were carried out, which assisted in carefully monitoring effective root zone depth during experiments. When practicing either scientific or traditional irrigation scheduling in the country, a seasonal water amount of 370 mm is suggested for wheat crop, and 450 – 500 mm for cotton crop to achieve optimum yield and WUE. Statistical analysis (R 2 = 93%, T–test = 2.6, and F–test = 1481) showed good correlation between the computed and actual seasonal ET c of the crops. The sensitivity analysis on weather input parameters revealed that the model is most sensitive to temperature variations on output of crop transpiration, soil evaporation and irrigation water allocation. The Mehran Model is found to be quite versatile, flexible, user– friendly, and can be successfully used as a decision support system for irrigation scheduling and management for general crops, specifically for cotton and wheat crops in the Lower Indus Basin of Pakistan.