Exploring the Role of “Jihad” in the Establishment of Universal Peace

Jihad is an umbrella concept of Islam, but unfortunately, nowadays it is misused both as a terminology and practice in a very narrow sense. The concept of jihad is crystal clear in Islam but it has been made dubious by certain schools of thought for achieving their vested interests. Consequently differences of opinions about the definition of jihad emerged not only among the masses but also in the circles of the learned ones, hence, no agreed upon definition emerge. Due to this, questions are raised like whether jihad is synonymous to terrorism? Or what is the fundamental role of jihad in establishing universal peace? What is the modus operandi of jihad? But so far, no scholarly effort has been made to hammer this issue out in an unbiased and objective manner. Whatever has been done consist more on either argumentative encounter or defending one’s own ideological stance. For that reason this research article attempts to carry out an objective analysis of the role of jihad in the establishment of universal peace. It is hoped that this attempt of intellectual pursuit will not only be a source of guidance to the common people but will also open new avenues for research scholars in this field.

Analytical Solutions for Different Motions of Differential and Rate Type Fluids With Fractional Derivatives.

In this dissertation, we present the analytical studies of some uid ow models. We analyze the fractional models for the ow of non-Newtonian uids via classical computational techniques to obtain analytical solutions. This study includes the investigation of the unsteady natural convection ow of Maxwell uid with fractional derivative over an exponentially accelerated in nite vertical plate. Slip condition, chemical reaction, transverse magneticeld and Newtonian heating e ects are also considered using a modern de nition of fractional derivative. Moreover, the unsteady ow of Maxwell uid with noninteger order derivatives through a circular cylinder of in nite length in a rotating frame is studied. The motion of Maxwell uid is generated by a time dependent torsion applied to the surface of the cylinder. As novelty, the dimensionless governing equation related to the non-trivial shear stress is used and therst exact solution analogous to a ramped shear stress on the surface is obtained. The rotational ow of an Oldroyd-B uid with fractional derivative induced by an in nite circular cylinder that applies a constant couple stress to the uid is investigated. It is worth mentioning that the considered problem of Oldroyd-B uid in the settings of fractional derivatives has not been found in the literature. Some unsteady Couette ows of an Oldroyd-B uid with non-integer derivative in an annular region of two in nite co-axial circular cylinders are investigated. Flows are due to the motion of the outer cylinder, that rotates about its axis with an arbitrary time dependent velocity while the inner cylinder is heldxed. Finally, the analysis of the second grade uid with fractional derivative is made. The uidlls the annulus region between two coaxial cylinders in which one cylinder is at rest while the other experiences time dependent shear stress. In all the ow models, we obtained the exact or semi analytical solutions for the motions with technical relevance. These solutions correspond to some ows in which either velocity or the shear stress is given on the boundary are established for di erent kinds of rate and di erential type uids. The obtained solutions presented in all the uid ow models satisfy the imposed initial and boundary conditions. Further, the ow properties and comparison of models with respect to derivative (fractional or ordinary) are highlighted by graphical illustrations.