The Notions of Obtainable Politics in the Light of Quran

It is generally believed that the contemporary world of academia is divided between Divine and non-Divine philosophies. By considering the Divine theory in accordance to the human behavior, advocates of theory take it in the best interest of mankind. They argued that the Creator Himself guides the human being in right direction. Islam unlike modern concept of governance does not separate religion from politics and fulfills its legislative needs by means of Divine Law or Shariah. In Islamic system, the state through Caliph will have to establish Shariah of God by working on the restrictions set by Him and in conformity with His orders and commands. Yet he is allowed only to give lawful command and the people are also bound to follow only the lawful commands. In Islam there is no place for such a political order where a solitary individual or a group of persons have authoritarian or dictatorial rule. However, the Muslims, in all circumstances, must cling to the state authorities and are obliged to submit to the ultimate source of law given by the Almighty Allah in the Quran. Non-Divine theories, on the other hand mainly stress upon rationalization of human development and behavior in a certain direction. Leaving those theories aside, current study will focus on the political philosophy of Islam as prescribed by the teachings of Quran and Sunnah. The subject matter of the study is to see the possibilities regarding implementation of Islamic values in the contemporary state and society.

Varieal Evaluation and Quality Enhancement of Cut Tulips by Exogenous Application of Growth Promoting Substances

Tulips are one of the most popular springs of all the time and possess eminent status among various cut flowers cultivated world-wide next to rose and chrysanthemum in the global floriculture trade. However, they are not as productive in subtropical areas as they are in temperate zones. This is attributed by short span of winter season and other abiotic stress factors that are aggravated by climate change. All these factors impede tulip production in subtropical regions. Therefore, a study, comprised of four experiments was conducted to investigate the varietal response of different cultivars of cut tulips under Faisalabad conditions and role of various bioregulators on morpho-physiological, biochemical, enzymatic and ionic attributes that can be used for characterization of inducing tolerance and adaptability in tulip cultivars. Bulbs were planted in open field having sandy loam soil provided with supplemental doze of macronutrients. In first experiment, screening of 10 different tulip cultivars for their growth response and adaptability was carried out on the basis of their sprouting, morphological, floral and bulb attributes. Cultivars were categorized into best performing and least performing on the basis of their performance in 1st experiment. Five better adapted cultivars namely Apeldorn, Barcelona, Ile de France, Leen Vander Mark and Parade were selected for further study. In 2nd and 3rd experiment exogenous application of chitosan and glycine betaine, respectively were carried out to assess the performance of various attributes for quality enhancement. Moreover, in 3rd experiment, response of different polyamines (putrescine, spermine and spermidine) was studied in two cultivars Apeldorn and Clear water by their exogenous application at different concentrations. Results of 1st experiment depicted highly significant difference among all the tested cultivars that all varieties behaved differently and some of them showed better adaptability that have potential for production on commercial basis in the country. Furthermore, optimized levels of chitosan and glycine betaine were also identified that enhanced the growth response of different tulip cultivars. Inferences were developed on the basis of standards needed for any cut flower crop like increased quality parameters flower size, stem length, freshness and postharvest attributes. Results depicted exogenous application of chitosan and glycine betaine improved plant fresh mass, height, leaf area, chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), water use efficiency (WUE), stomatal conductance (gs), sub-stomatal CO2 (Ci), antioxidant enzymes and all other attributes associated to flower morphology. Furthermore, these compounds also improved the postharvest longevity by causing significant decrease in MDA contents. Though the chemicals used did not improve the mass, diameter and number of perrenating organs, thus they imparted negative effects on bulb attributes necessary for the growers to use them in the preceding year. In 4th experiment, 0.03 mM spermine (Spm) concentration proved to be the best for enhancing flower quality attributes in Apeldorn cultivar while low level of spermine (Spm) 0.01 mM proved to be best amongst all other tested dozes of polyamines in Clear water cultivar. Overall best performing traits were found in the plants that were exogenously applied by spermine followed by spermidine while putrescine improve petal lengths and width while other attributes remained less affected. Furthermore, findings of 4th experiment clearly indicated that spermine significantly enhanced postharvest potential of both the tulip cultivars by sustaining vase life and improving physiological, biochemical and enzymatic attributes. Overall, it can be extracted that suboptimal environmental conditions were found to be injurious for tulip growth and productivity and exogenous application of chitosan and glycine betaine specific concentration for particular cultivars were found effective tool for enhancing growth potential. However, effect of polyamines was more pronounced in both the cultivars reflecting that it may induce similar effects on other tulip cultivars as in majority of the parameters varietal effect was found to be non-significant. Besides, one can establish that A, E, WUE, gs, gm and protein might directly be linked with growth and flower quality attributes as they are severely affected by malicious environmental conditions. Thus it can be concluded from the current findings that by planting better performing cultivars, identified in the research, the growth potential of tulip can be expanded. The application of optimized levels of chitosan and glycine betaine particularly at lower levels proved effective in extending display life of tulips. Both these strategies when applied together could lead to a breakthrough in tulip cut flower production by improving the flower quality achieved through minimizing the life cycle in short duration of winters in sub-tropical terrains.