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Expression Analysis of Long Noncoding RNA (lncRNA) SLCO4A1- AS1 in Patients with Breast Cancer

Thesis Info

Author

Saaim Asif

Supervisor

Aamira Tariq

Department

Department of Biosciences

Program

MS

Institute

COMSATS University Islamabad

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Degree Starting Year

2020

Degree End Year

2022

Viva Year

2022

Thesis Completing Year

2022

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Molecular Genetics

Language

English

Added

2023-11-28 16:50:13

Modified

2023-12-01 11:53:34

ARI ID

1701413614732

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خون جگر ہونے تک

خون جگر ہونے تک
اپنی کتاب کا دیباچہ لکھنا توحالیؔ جیسے لوگوں کو جچتا ہے جو دیباچہ لکھیں تو تنقید کی پہلی کتاب وجود پا جائے۔میں تو عاجزانہ طور پر چند عروضی نکات پیش کرنا چاہتا ہوں۔میرا یہ دیباچہ سب کے لیے نہیں ہے۔ اس کی دو وجوہات ہیں۔ ایک تو عروضی بحث اس قدر گنجلک اور پیچیدہ ہوتی ہے کہ ہر کسی کو اس سے شغف نہیں ہوتا اور دوسرا جو لوگ عروض پہ دسترس رکھتے ہیںان کے لیے اس وضاحت کی ضرورت نہیں کیوں کہ وہ عروض پہ اس دیباچے سے بہت بہتر کتابیں پڑھ چکے ہیں۔ یہ دیباچہ فقط ان لوگوں کے لیے ہے جو شعر کہتے ہیں اور عروض میں بھی ٹانگ اڑاتے ہیں اورجب کسی شعر کی بحر سمجھ نہ آئے تو اسے بے وزن کہہ دیتے ہیں۔زیادہ تر ہندی بحر کے سلسلے میںان کا رویہ ایسا ہوتا ہے اوراگر ان کے سامنے کسی بڑے شاعر کا مصرع بہ طور نمونہ رکھ دیا جائے تو وہ اسے بھی بے وزن کہنے سے ذرا نہیں ہچکچاتے۔ فاع فاعلن یا فعَل فعولن ان کی سمجھ سے باہر ہو جاتا ہے۔ دراصل ایسے حضرات ہندی بحر کی چند معروف صورتوں کے سوا باقی صورتوں سے آشنا ہی نہیں۔
میرا یہ شعری مجموعہ ہندی بحر میںہی تخلیق ہوا ہے اور ہندی بحر میں خاصا تنوع پایا جاتا ہے۔ہمارے وہ لوگ جو عروض کو سرسری طور پر جانتے ہیں۔اس بحر کو سمجھنے میں ٹھوکر کھاتے ہیں۔وہ ہندی بحر کی چندمعروف صورتوں سے ہی واقف ہیں۔وہ بس اِسے ہی ہندی بحر سمجھتے ہیں مگر ہندی بحر کی متنوع صورتیں ہیں۔ان حضرات کے سامنے اگر کوئی مختلف صورت آ جائے تو وہ اسے سمجھنے سے قاصر رہتے ہیں کیوں کہ وہ ان صورتوں سے آشنا ہی نہیں اور وہ اسی ناآشنائی میں اس مصرعے کو بے وزن کہہ دیتے...

اسلام اور ہندومت میں تصور عبادت

Ll religions without any exceptions have one or the other concept of worship of God or gods. Islam explains why and how Allah alone should be worshipped and obeyed. Hinduism can hardly be defined as to its idea of worshipping gods and goddesses. Yet, keeping in view the widely-known aud expressed system of worship in Hinduism and the true concept of worship in Islam one may see between them some similarities but so many dissimilarities. This article is to identify and explain those similarities and dissimilarities between Islamic concept of worship and Hindu philosophy of worship

Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Containing Polycarbonates

Aliphatic polycarbonates are a newly emerging class of synthetic biodegradable polymers which are gaining attention due to their applications in biomedical fields including bond fixation, artificial skin, suture filaments, ligature clamps, devices for controlled drug release, bioresorbable prostheses, etc. Aliphatic polycarbonates possess several advantages compared to polyesters (other synthetic biodegradable polymers) that includes their resistance to acidic hydrolysis, thermal and hydrolytic stability, slow degradation rate and non-acidic degradation products. Most widely employed monomer for synthesis of aliphatic polycarbonate is trimethylene carbonate, a six membered cyclic carbonate, and its derivatives. Five-membered cyclic carbonates are not given much attention despite their huge potential as building blocks of biodegradable polymers. Polymerization of five-membered cyclic carbonates is associated with fractional decarboxylation during polymerization that leads to presence of ether linkages alongside targeted carbonate linkages. The demand of polycarbonates is significantly increasing due to their applications in various fields that inspired the improvement of synthesis methods. In this context, ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate (five-membered cyclic carbonates) are polymerized in this study by ring-opening polymerization in the presence of sodium stannate trihydrate as a catalyst. Comprehensive microstructural analysis of the polymers was conducted by advanced one-dimensional (1H, 13C, DEPT-135o, & DEPT-90o) and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques (COSY, TOCSY, HSQC & HMBC). The analysis revealed the co-existence of carbonate and ether units in polymer chain. Conversion and average ratio of carbonate to ether linkages of the polymer chains is quantified by 1H-NMR. Molar mass progression was evaluated by size exclusion chromatography. Selectivity of polymerization of both monomers with regard to polymerization speed, molar mass augmentation and relative ether to carbonate content as a function of polymerization conditions (such as temperature, monomer to initiator ratio, polymerization time and catalyst concentration) are evaluated. The polymers synthesized by ROP of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate are named as poly(ethylene ether-carbonate) and poly(propylene ether-carbonate), respectively. Furthermore, novel amphiphilic biodegradable di- and tri-block copolymers based on ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate as hydrophobic segment while using methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)s and poly(ethylene glycol)s of varying molar masses as macro-initiator, were synthesized. Earlier elution of block copolymer from macro-initiator in size exclusion chromatography (SEC) indicated the successful synthesis of the block copolymers. Ratios of both types of blocks are varied systematically. Liquid chromatography at critical conditions for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks are established to analyze the individual block length of non-critical blocks, and presence or absence of free critical blocks in the samples. Liquid chromatographic critical conditions of polymer synthesized by ROP of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate, poly (ethylene ether-carbonate) and poly(propylene ether-carbonate) respectively, were established for the first time. The established chromatographic critical points of PEG, PEEC and PPEC successfully tracked presence of homopolymers along with estimation of individual block lengths of the block copolymers. The synthesized biodegradable block copolymers can open new possibilities for modern drug delivery systems due to slow degradation rate and non-acid biodegradation products of polycarbonates.