The principle of tazkryat al-nafs is central to Islam but despite this, relatively little work has been written, if compared to the vast volumes devoted to Islamic jurisprudence (fqh) or Prophetic narration (hadlth). In addition to this, much of what has been written has been within the general precepts of what is now termed tasawwuf, or Sufism and much of this work has been concerned with the post-Ghazzäli period. Despite this, many works had been written and indeed, the concept of tazkiyat al-nafs had been developed prior to the advent of al-Ghazzäli. One of the most influential scholars in the pre-Ghazzäli period within this field was the second/eighth century Muslim scholar Abu- Abd Allah al-Härith b. Asad al-Mubasibi, who was born in Basra around 165/782 but later resided in Baghdad, albeit a period of exile in Küfa, until his death in 243/857. Al-Mubasibi was also known for his skills in many disciplines, including the Qur'an, Prophetic narration (hadith) and scholastic theology (`Ilm alkaläm) but it is for his mastery in the field of Islamic spirituality and moral psychology for which he is remembered. Regardless of his favourable notoriety he was not without criticism, being repudiated by Imam Ahmad b. Ijanbal (d. 242/856) for his "unorthodox" views and reviled by Ahmad's subsequent followers Abu- Zur`a al-Räzi (d. 264/878), Ibn al-Jawzi(d. 297/910) and Abd al-Rahim Iragi (d.806/1403). Despite this, he was a prolific writer, reportedly authoring more than two hundred works, the most famous of which is perhaps Kltäb al-Ri'äya li Hugrlq A11äh. It was this latter, monumental work which drew the attention of the West in the form of the highly respected researcher Margaret Smith (d. 1970), who was the first European scholar to seriously address the life and works of this great exponent of tazkiya. This is not to say that al-Muhäsibi has been exhausted as an area of research however, as many of his works have been preserved and indeed, have been published, edited and annotated since the pioneering work of Smith. Thus, this research comprises: a) An examination of the linguistic and terminological usage of the terms tazkia and alnafs to determine an accurate understanding of these concepts within the framework of Islam. b) An extensive study of the historical period in which al-Muhäsibi lived, to assess the extent to which the political, social and economic factors played a part in his life and work. c) An extensive survey of the available biographical and historical sources, to produce an accurate and comprehensive account of this unique and extraordinary scholar's life. d) An assessment of al-Muhäsibi's works and an exposition of the author's understanding and methodology regarding the concept of tazkiyat al-nafs
مولانا شہاب الدین ندوی قارئین معارف کو اس اطلاع سے نہایت رنج ہوگا کہ ان کے محبوب اور معارف کے خاص مضمون نگار مولانا شہاب الدین ندوی ۱۹؍ اپریل ۲۰۰۲ء کو سفرِ آخرت پر روانہ ہوگئے، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ وہ کئی برس سے موذی امراض میں مبتلا تھے اور چند ماہ سے موت و حیات کی کشمکش میں گرفتار تھے جس کی تفصیل مجھے ۳۱؍ دسمبر ۲۰۰۱ء کو اپنے والا نامہ میں اس طرح لکھی تھی۔ ’’طبیعت بہت زیادہ خراب اور نڈھال رہتی ہے، کئی کئی دن بستر پر پڑا رہتا ہوں، علاج و معالجے سے کوئی فائدہ نہیں ہورہا ہے کئی قسم کے امراض میں مبتلا ہوں اور ڈاکٹر ان کی تشخیص نہیں کرپارہے ہیں، ایک بیماری ذرا دبتی ہے تو دوسری ابھر کر سامنے آجاتی ہے ان جان لیوا بیماریوں سے تنگ آچکا ہوں اور مزید طرفہ یہ کہ اب آنکھوں کی بینائی بھی مسلسل ضائع ہوتی جارہی ہے۔ داہنی آنکھ کا آپریشن ہوا مگر بینائی بڑھنے کے بجائے گھٹ رہی ہے، معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ اب میں صرف چند دن کا مہمان ہوں لیکن طبیعت جب کبھی ذرا سنبھلتی ہے تو جم کر لکھنے اور اپنے مسودات صاف کرنے بیٹھ جاتا ہوں‘‘۔ آخر وہی ہوا، خط لکھنے کے ساڑھے تین مہینے بعد وقت موعود آگیا اور مولانا کی ساری دینی، علمی اور تحقیقی سرگرمیاں ہمیشہ کے لیے بند ہوگئیں۔ مولانا کا وطن بنگلور تھا۔ میٹرک کی تعلیم یہیں ہوئی اور دینی تعلیم کی تکمیل دارالعلوم ندوۃالعلماء لکھنؤ میں کی۔ طالب علمی ہی کے زمانے سے ان کی طبیعت کا رجحان قرآنی علوم اور سائنس کی جانب ہوگیا تھا اور وہ ان میں تطبیق اور ہم آہنگی پیدا کرنا چاہتے تھے اسی لیے لکھنؤ کے بعض کالجوں کے سائنس کے اساتذہ سے ان کا ربط و ضبط ہوگیا تھا، دارالعلوم سے فراغت...
Objectives: 1. To determine the impact of duration of exposure to industrial chemical fumes on Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) and blood pressure of the industrial workers. 2. To find out the association between changes in blood pressure and PEFR due to exposure to industrial chemical fumes in these subjects. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed at Aziz Fatimah Medical and Dental College, Faisalabad. The study participants were 151 males working in the chemical industries. The study was approved by institutional ethical committee and informed consent was taken from the participants. Free camp was arranged for three days in September 2020 in the industrial area of Faisalabad. Thorough history of exposure to chemicals was taken using structured proforma. PEFR values were recorded using Wrights handheld peak flow meter. Blood pressure was taken by auscultatory method using mercury sphygmomanometer. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly raised with increase in duration of exposure. PEFR levels were significantly declined with increase in duration of exposure to chemicals. Significant negative association was noted between diastolic blood pressure and PEFR (p value = 0.003). Negative correlation was observed between PEFR and systolic Blood pressure, however it was not statistically significant (p value = 0.92). Conclusions: PEFR decreased while Systolic and diastolic blood pressures increased significantly with increase in the duration of exposure to chemicals. There was a significant negative correlation between PEFR and diastolic blood pressure while there was no association between PEFR and systolic blood pressure.
Controversy has an image of fear, danger and caution in the schools in Pakistan. In this dissertation I have tried to explore how controversy, an inevitable phenomenon in our daily life, can be constructively and positively used in the classroom. In this study controversy is presented as an alternative way of making Social Studies interesting, meaningful and respondent to the needs and interests of the students. To seek a conclusion, I have discussed some of the problems and possibilities a teacher may face while dealing with controversy. The dissertation clarifies different notions of the term "controversy" and puts emphasis on controversy as an educationally useful strategy for teaching Social Studies. A substantial part of the dissertation explores my frustrating, yet at the same time extremely valuable experience in which I went through tensions of being a teacher, an outside researcher and a teacher educator at the same time. Therefore, the dissertation has valuable methodological insights which will be useful for further research and my work with teachers. The research shows that the teachers have choice: either to avoid controversy and play safe, or to venture and fulfill their moral responsibility in making difference in the life of young citizens, the future of this country.