اقبال فارسی پر زیادہ توجہ دیتے تھے۔ اردو کا پہلا مجموعہ کلام بانگ درا ہے جو 1924ء میں سامنے آیا۔ اقبال نے جتنی نظمیں انجمن حمایت اسلام کے جلسوں میں پڑھیں ، لاہور کے مشاعروں میں پڑھیں ان سب کو اکٹھا کیا گیا انہیں بانگ درا میں شامل کیا گیا ہے۔ جو کلام نہیں مل سکا یا جو کلام اقبال سے کاٹ دیا تھا وہ بھی اب متروک کلام اقبال کی شکل میں ہندوستان اور پاکستان میں کسی نہ کسی طرح دستیاب ہے۔ بانگ درا کو تین حصوں میں تقسیم کیا گیا ہے۔ پہلے حصے میں 1901ء سے 1905ء تک کا کلام شامل ہے ۔ دوسرے حصے میں یورپ کے قیام کا کلام 1905ء سے 1908 ء شامل ہے ۔ تیسرا دور 1908ء سے 1924 ء کی شاعری پر مشتمل ہے۔ اس کے بھی کئی ایڈیشن سامنے آئے ہیں۔ اقبال کی شاہ کار نظمیں تصویر درد، شکوہ، جواب شکوہ ، والدہ مرحومہ کی یاد میں ،شمع اور شاعر ، خضر راو اور طلوع اسلام اس مجموعہ کلام میں شامل ہیں ۔ بانگ درا کا دیبا چہ شیخ عبد القادر بیرسٹر ایٹ لا سابق مدیر "مخزن" نے لکھا۔
The development of works in the field of Quranic interpretation has grown rapidly in this age. The work in this field has been written in various major languages of the world such as Arabic, English and Malay. The resulting works contain a lot of information quoted from the works written by previous authors. For example, the work of Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan written by Muhammad Said Omar contains a lot of information quoted from Tafsir al-Jalalyn, Tafsir al-Baydawi and Tafsir al-Jamal. Nevertheless, this study found that the information was widely quoted by the author until there was an inaccurate information being referred to by him. Therefore, a method or system should be practiced so that the information contained in the work of Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan can be managed well as well as avoid the mistakes of readers. One way to manage these resources is to identify the original work referred to by the author. The analysis of Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan used the genetic approach which was published by Goldman in studying the origin of the resources. This study referred the text from Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan and the texts of works that became author's references, which are Tafsir al-Jalalyn, Tafsir al-Jamal, Tafsir al-Baydawi, Tafsir al-Khazin, Tafsir al-Baghawi, Tafsir al-Tabari, Tafsir al-Qurtubi, Tafsir al-Razi, Tafsir al-Nasafi, Tafsir Ibn Kathir and Tafsir al-Tha’labi, and made a comparison of the texts to detect the similarities and differences. The result of the analysis proved that Syeikh Muhammad Sa’id implemented five methods; which are quoting the text in parallel, writing an abstract, removal of some of the words, adding explan-ation, and refuting part of the text. This study also revealed the purpose of Syeikh Muhammad Sa’id while creating his work is to strengthen the translations written. Thus, he successfully strengthens translation when the contents of the text are parallel to the reference. However, in certain places existed a text from the author's references contradicts with the content of Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan, which failed his attempt to strengthen the translation in certain part of the text. Key words: , , .
With the advent of high data rate applications and services, the spectrum demand has increased enormously. Moreover, most spectrum bands are underutilized and need be efficiently utilized for new wireless applications. Cognitive communication is promising technology to deal with this spectrum shortage problem. Cognitive radio is an intelligent device capable to utilized licensed bands for unlicensed users incurring the minimum interference to licensed users. The efficient utilization of spectrum resources which includes maximizing throughput and minimizing interference is a key research challenge in cognitive radio networks. This thesis presents efficient spectrum assignment algorithms in order to maximizes throughput, minimize the interference incurred to licensed users and interference among secondary users. Moreover, accumulative cost to buy licensed networks is reduced. The resource allocation is a multi-objective optimization problem.A fuzzy logic based ant colony algorithm is proposedin order to achieve above objectives in cognitive radio heterogeneous network (CRHN). This study presents a fuzzy logic based ant colony algorithm (FLACSA) for interference minimization towards Primary Users (PUs) and overall cost reduction ofsecondary users (SUs) to buy spectrum. Performance of FLACSA and ant colony system algorithm (ACSA) is evaluated againstparticle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) approaches in literature and proposed scheme achieved very attractive results. A repair process based channel assignment algorithm is proposed and spectrum utility is optimized using differential evolutional based particle swarm algorithm and modified genetic algorithm in CRN. The performance of proposed algorithms is investigated against various parameters of network and evaluated against the other studied algorithms in literature. The results of proposed algorithms outclass all other algorithms studied in literature.