منان لطیفؔ۔۔۔ نئی نظم کا ہم مزاج
نثری نظم اپنے تشکیلی دور سے نکل آئی ہے اور اب ایک زرخیز روایت کی مالک ہے ۔اس روایت میں فکر و خیال اور شاعرانہ اسلوب کے مظہر کئی تخلیق کار نثری نظم کے معمار ہیں اور انہی معتبر نثری نظم نگاروں کا فیض ہے کہ اکیسویں صدی میں نثری نظم میں جدید حسیات کی عکاسی ملتی ہے اور اب اسے ایک سنجیدہ اظہاریے کی سند مل چکی ہے ۔نثری نظم تخلیقی اور شعری اسلوب میں منفرد اور تازہ خیال کی شاعری ہے۔انہی صفات کی بنا پر یہ نثر کے مزاج سے مختلف ہونے پر اصرار کرتی ہے ۔یہ انفراد نثری نظم کا جواز بھی ہے ۔اسی لیے غزل اور موزوں نظم میں پہچان بنانے والے شعرا بھی نظم کو اپنا چکے ہیں ۔نثری نظم کی روایت کے لیے خوش آئند امر یہ ہے کہ نئے تخلیق کار بھی اس صنف کی روایت سے وابستہ ہو رہے ہیں ۔جن کو یہ شعور ہے کہ شاعری کے لیے وزن نہیں بلکہ شعریت شرط ہے ۔منان لطیفؔ بھی ان تازہ دم ،جواں سال و جواں فکر شعرا کی صف میں شامل ہیں جو نثری نظم کے ہم مزاج تخلیق کار ہیں اور اس نازک صنف کے تقاضوں کا ادراک رکھتے ہیں ۔ان کا تخلیقی وفور نثری نظم کے اسلوب کے سانچے میں اپنی حسیات کو شاعرانہ لہجے میں اظہارنے کی طلسم کاری سے منور ہے ۔ان کی نظمیں شعری بصیرت سے لے کر شعری اسلوب کی تشکیل کے رویوں کی عمدہ مثالیں ہیں ۔اس لیے ان نظموں کی قرأ ت کے دوران میں قاری کی ذہنی کیفیت احساس کی نئی بستیوں سے آشنا ہوتی ہے ۔یہ وہ ہنر مندی جو نثری نظم کا جواز ہے ۔اس لیے مجھے یقین ہے کہ مذکورہ اوصاف کی اساس پر منان...
One of the primary goals of this study was to explore how a budget review approach may affect Nigeria's economic development. The reasoning was that the Nigerian economy was being challenged by a variety of imbalances in budget creation and implementation. The study strategy was based on events that occurred after the study was completed, and the data used in the study came from the Central Bank Statistical Bulletin and the Federal Ministry of Finance. A model was constructed based on both empirical and theoretical investigations in order to achieve this broad goal. The HDI, which was utilized as a measure of development, was the dependent variable in the model. The government's capital budget, recurrent budget, and the speed of annual budget implementation were the other independent variables in the model. They examined data using the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model, diagnostic tests such as the test of normality, auto correlation test, and heteroskedasticity test, which proved the validity and reliability of the model they chose; inferential results reveal that the use of budget evaluation had a positive and significant impact on the Nigerian economy. According to the study's suggestions, Nigeria's government should try to increase capital and recurrent expenditures in its annual budget, both of which have a significant impact on economic development. Finally, the government should work to build budget monitoring and review infrastructure that will aid in the effective implementation of large budget expenditures while also ensuring compliance with legal procedures.
Poor oral bioavailability is a major challenge affecting the new drugs reaching the market due to its low aqueous solubility. Nanocrystals have the potential and rapidly providing a platform solution to substantially increase dissolution rate, solubility with subsequent enhanced bioavailability and effectiveness via the oral route of administration of a range of poor water soluble drugs. The current study is comprised on two parts utilized antimalarial drugs: the first part was comprised on fabrication of artemether (ARTM) and lumefantrine (LMF) nanoparticles using a novel top down wet milling approach (DENA DM-100) and in the second part: cost effective simplest approach of re-precipitation combined with ultrasonication was utilized for fabrication of artemisinin (ART) nanoparticles with the aims to enhance their dissolution and hence the bioavailability of these antimalarial drugs. Smart nanocrystals of artemether (ARTM) and lumefantrine (LMF) were fabricated in the form of nanosuspensions in shortest milling time (less than 1 hr) in both aqueous and acidic medium using a novel wet milling technology (DENA DM-100). Both high feedstock concentration (10% w/w) and low feedstock concentration (2.5% w/w) of ARTM and LMF yielded nanocrystals with maximum recovery of the active contents. Similarly, we revisited the simplest approach of re-precipitation combined with ultrasonication for fabrication of artemisinin nanoparticles in the form nanosuspensions. Different critical parameters, including the effect of different concentrations of stabilizers, temperature as well as optimum parameters/conditions were identified, which was found to be very critical not only for fabrication as well as for scale up of the batch size, which is critical issue associated with this approach. xii Additionally, the physical stability studies of artemether, lumefantrine and artemisinin were conducted for 90 days at different storage temperatures demonstrated that nanocrystals stored at 2-8°C and 25°C were most stable compared to the samples stored at 40°C. There was not observed any chemical degradation in the APIs during the chemical stability studies which was monitored for 07 days. Similarly artemether, lumefantrine and artemisinin nanocrystals were produced in the size ranges of 161±1.5 nm and 214.1±1.2 nm, 98.77±1.5 nm respectively, where they showed significantly enhanced solubility, dissolution rate and enhanced antimalarial efficacy (in vitro and in vivo) compared to its unprocessed, micronized, microsuspension and their marketed counterparts in relatively low dose. In summary the study demonstrates that both novel top down DENA (DM-100) technology and standard crystallization combined with ultrasonication are effective in producing stable nanocrystals with smallest particle sizes, increased saturation solubility and enhanced dissolution rate with enhanced in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activities while controlling the key experimental and process conditions.