Academic Research on Non- Muslim Religious Minorities Content analysis of the Research papers from a Pakistani Perspective

This study aims to examine research papers on religious minorities to determine their issues, rights, and privileges in Pakistan. In a civilized society, everyone has basic rights regardless of race, color, or religion. Everyone has cultural, political, religious, and constitutional freedom in a peaceful society. In general, it is perceived that, in Pakistan, followers of other religions than Islam are not given their essential rights, especially regarding their religious rights. To secure minority participation in decision-making, they may reserve seats in administration and parliament, organize national and local minority consultative organizations, and provide cultural or territorial autonomy. In the context of Pakistan, the school curriculum and state policies are viewed as the primary causes of prejudice against minorities. However, numerous other elements may contribute to the establishment of attitudes about them. Therefore, in order to reveal and appropriately address the issue, this study will use qualitative research methodology with an analytical research approach. Rights, issues, and problems of minorities have been a matter of concern to various scholars, states, and societies throughout history and in the contemporary era too. The study suggests that there should be made awareness at the grassroots level and the removal of obstacles to the greater good of humanity.

Antigenic Cross-Reactivity and Molecular Profiling of Salmonella Species Recovered from Enteric Sources

In this research Salmonella species were isolated from animal and human enteric sources from different veterinary and human hospitals in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. These species were further characterized by different morphological and biochemical techniques. The protein profiling of all ten strains through Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed similarities and differences among the whole cell proteins of the ten isolates. The ten Salmonella species were identified and were confirmed through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. Furthermore, sequencing of the amplicons confirmed all ten isolates as Salmonella strains. The antigenic cross-reactivity was found maximum between the HB1 (strain isolated from honey bee) antiserum and its antigen with an antibody titer of 1:128, while the HB1 antiserum showed a titer range of 1:8 to 1:64, when cross reacted with the remaining nine strains. On the basis of the highest Geometric mean titer (GMT) shown by the antiserum of the HB1 antigen, it was selected as the best candidate for a cross-reactive live Salmonella oral antigen. Moreover, the HB1 anitgen was used a live oral antigen (1×1010CFU/ml) in a safety test in rabbits and proved to be avirulent with no clinical symptoms of disease. During the animal trials three different oral doses of the HB1 live oral antigen were evaluated in four different rabbits groups (R1, R2, R3 and R4). The dose number 2 of 0.5ml (two drops orally and repeated after one week) in rabbits exhibited a cumulative mean titer of 49.7 measured by indirect haemagglutination which was better than the single (two drops orally once) and triple dose (two drops and repeated after alternate days for three times) 33 and 43. Results of the challenge protection test (four groups of rabbits infected with LD50 of S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028) also validated the efficacy of the double dose of the HB1 live vaccine, with the highest survival percentage. Results of this study lay the foundation for a potential cross reactive live oral Salmonella vaccine, which has showed to be immunogenic in an animal model.