Having studied the Qur’ānic Vision of Dr. Isrār Aḥmad, the writer has arrived at a conclusion that his durūs-e-Qur’ān, as well as the brief yet comprehensive genesis Bayan al-Qur’ān, should not only be made accessible to all higher educational institutions but there is a dire need that all the Religious Leaders of mosques be motivated towards it. Dr Isrār Aḥmad’s struggle clearly reveals that a person even one not qualified in Dars-e-Niẓāmī can easily disseminate the message of the Qur’ān to humankind in an amicable manner. To do that, the requirement is that the community with modern education following his steps must first understand the Qur’ān and then transfer it to others.
However, it is quite difficult to agree with the Concept of Manhaj Inqalāb-e-Nabavī as described by Dr. Isrār Ahmad. If the methodology of Revolution as stated by him is adopted, it would culminate into nothing but bloodshed. In this document, all the weaknesses of his methodology have been highlighted. All religious parties, therefore, should follow the constitutional and legal ways and refrain from underground activities. As far as public durūs-e-Qur’ān are concerned, undoubtedly, Dr. Isrār Ahmad and his students have played a key role in uplifting the Qur’ānic Vision. However, it remains a bitter fact that under the cover of durūs-e-Qur’ān, some persons with little education have caused misunderstandings among the people. It is therefore required that such people delivering dars-e-Qur’ān must acquire basic religious knowledge and understanding of the Arabic Language to protect the general public from falling prey to misapprehensions and communal clashes.
Dr. Isrār Aḥmad advocated the concept of a “Universal Caliphate” (‘Ālmī Khilāfah) but the writer has proved with the reasoning that the establishment of such a “Universal Caliphate” is beyond any possibility. The Muslims on the other...
Sir Syed Aḥmed Khān belonged to a famous family of the subcontinent during the late Mughal and early British colonial period. He was famous for his close relations with the colonial government. He served many years in the judiciary. In recognition of his services, he was conferred upon with various titles such as Sir, The Imperial Advisor, etc. He is the founder of the educational campaign which was later known as the Aligarh movement. He was worried about the future of Muslims in India. This worry forced him to produce various literary and Islamic books to uplift the political, cultural, educational and social status of the Indian Muslims. One of his famous contribution to Islamic literature of Quranic exegeses is his Tafsīr al-Qur’ān. His tafsīr is influenced by western thoughts. He, instead of following the traditional methodology of Quranic exegeses, tried to understand the Quranic verses rationally. This led him to deviate from many established concepts of Islamic doctrines. He went against the Muslims’ affirmed beliefs in his exegesis. He mistrusted some of the basics of Islamic thoughts and tried his best to make new parameters of writing & reading of the Quranic exegesis on human logics. In addition, some of his views show certain relevance to the Mu'tazilites school of thought. The aim of this paper is to present an analytical and a critical evaluation of the exegetical opinions of Sir Syed Aḥmed Khān, particularly on the issues where he deviated from the mainstream Islamic thoughts in his exegesis, Tafsīr al-Qur’ān.
The current study has been designed to detect multiple anthelmintic resistance against gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants reared at central and northern Punjab, Pakistan. The potential production of small ruminants is greatly affected by the development of anthelmintic resistance. The rates of appearance of anthelmintic resistance against gastrointestinal nematodes all over the world appear to differ geographically and in accord with the current climate, parasites type and treatment regime adopt in the region. Various in vivo and in vitro methods were used to detect multiple anthelmintic drugs resistance. First of all, to conduct a comprehensive studies on selected sheep and goat herds to evaluate the reliability of treatment with wide spectrum anthelmintic drugs using faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and, concurrently, to undertake in vitro egg hatch assays (EHA) to evaluate the susceptibility of nematode to anthelmintic drugs. Mean faecal egg count, percentage reduction and 95 per cent confidence interval were calculated by using the formula recommended by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) for detecting multiple anthelmintic resistant gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants. Multiple anthelmintic resistance was found in selected goats and sheep flocks. All flocks were found resistance against the albendazol; six were resistance against levamisol, two suspected for resistance. Seven flocks were susceptible against Ivermectin while one is suspected for resistance. The results revealed that a significant difference (P<0.05) of FECRT were found on pretreatment and after post-treatment with different anthelmintic drug as compared to control group in all the flocks. The results against albendazol were also confirmed by the Egg Hatch Assay (EHA). Results of EHT revealed that all the eight flocks found positive for resistance against albendazol. The LC50 values ranged from 0.138 μg/mL to 0.152 μg/mL, which confirmed the results of FECRT.