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Adjacency Matrices of Non-Euclidean Crystallographic Groups

Thesis Info

Author

Sajida younas

Supervisor

Sajida Kousar

Department

Department of Mathematics & Statistics

Program

PhD

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad Capital Territory

Country

Pakistan

Degree End Year

2024

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Methematics

Language

English

Added

2024-04-30 23:34:05

Modified

2024-05-10 21:44:20

ARI ID

1715359460461

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خواجہ کمال الدین

خواجہ کمال الدین
عیسوی سال کے خاتمہ پر ۲۸؍ دسمبر ۱۹۳۳؁ء کو عیسوی مذہب کے سب سے بڑے نقاد اور عیسوی ممالک میں اسلام کے مشہور مبلغ خواجہ کمال الدین نے افسوس ہے کہ وفات پائی، وہ کئی برس سے سل کے مرض میں مبتلا تھے اور اس حالت میں بھی وہ تصنیف و تالیف میں ہمیشہ مصروف رہے، احمدی جماعت میں ہمارے نزدیک وہ عام مسلمانوں سے سب سے زیادہ قریب تھے، اس لئے ان کے مشن کا بار اٹھانے میں عام مسلمان اور امراء نے بھی شرکت کی تھی اور شاید یہ راز نہ ہو کہ مسیح الملک حکیم اجمل خان مرحوم اور مولانا شبلی مرحوم نے ان کی امدادی تحریکوں میں سب سے زیادہ دلچسپی لی، مولانا مرحوم نے ایک دفعہ علماء کے بالمقابل نوجوان تعلم یافتوں میں سے خواجہ صاحب کے عزم تبلیغ کو سامنے رکھ کر یہ شعر خود انہیں کے خط میں لکھا تھا:
کامل اس فرقہ زہاد سے اٹھا نہ کوئی
کچھ ہوئے تو یہی رندانِ قدح خوار ہوئے
گوہم کو خواجہ صاحب کے بہت سے خیالات اور تاویلات سے اتفاق نہیں تاہم یہ کہنا اظہار واقعہ ہے کہ انہوں نے ۱۹۱۲؁ء سے لے کر ۱۹۳۲؁ء تک اپنی پوری بیس برس کی زندگی اسلام کی تبلیغ اور اس کے محاسن کی اشاعت اور یورپ میں اسلامی لٹریچر کی فراہمی میں صرف کی اور نیز یہ کہ ان تصنیفات کے بڑے حصہ کا موضوع ’’احمدیت‘‘ نہیں ’’محمدیت‘‘ ہے، افسوس کہ ان کی موت سے دنیا کی مذہبی بزم میں ایک اہم جگہ خالی ہوگئی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کے ان اعمال صالحہ کے صدقہ میں ان کو اپنی مغفرت سے نوازے اور ان کی لغزشوں سے درگزر فرمائے۔
میں نے ان کو سب سے پہلے ندوہ کے اس اجلاس لکھنؤ ۱۹۱۲؁ء میں دیکھا جس میں مصر کے عالم سید رشید رضا صدر...

Sulayman Bin Musa Al-Kala As Sirah Writer an Introduction and Research Analysis

Abu Al-Rab฀ ‘ Sulaym฀n Bin M฀sá Al-Kal฀‘฀ (565 A. H -- 634 A. H) is a great S฀rah writer. In this article, his scholarly and personal characteristics, the list of his works, tributes from scholars to his services and scholarly rank of Al-Kal฀‘฀ are presented. After presenting his personal features, an introduction and research analysis of his book “AlIktif฀’ fi Magh฀z฀ Al-Mu฀tafá wa Al-thal฀thah Al-Khulaf฀ ’ ” is given. Al-Kal฀‘฀ was a great scholar and authentic S฀rah writer. He got knowledge of Had฀th from Abul ‘At฀’. He attended the lectures of various scholars of Had฀th such as Abul Q฀sim bin Al-Jaysh, Abu Bakr bin Jadd, Abu Abdull฀h bin Zark฀n, Abdull฀h bin Fakhkh฀r, Abu Muhammad bin Jamh฀r, Najbah bin Yahy฀. Many great scholars of Had฀th such as Q฀฀฀ T฀nas were his pupils and brought his knowledge to far off countries. Al-Kal฀‘฀ wrote many books on Had฀th and S฀rah. Ibn Farh฀n, Abul Abb฀s and many other scholars have praised and paid tribute to Al-Kal฀‘฀ in their works. Main objective of the book under discussion, Al-Iktif฀’, is to disseminate knowledge of S฀rah and Had฀th prolifically. Al-Kal฀‘฀ has kept in mind the caution and the principles of S฀rah writing derived from the Holy Qur’฀n. Sulaym฀n Bin M฀sá has a great quality of writing S฀rah books. He can be called a born scholar and a writer. His quest for knowledge took him in different cities and he gained the best of knowledge and intellect that can be seen in all of his writings. He can be called a preserver and a protector of S฀rah literature. He is considered the most honored and dignified person among the scientific and cultural tradition of Andalusiyah. This article proves his abilities, qualities and excellence of work.

Biodiversity of Diazotrophs in Rhizosphere of Potato Solanum Tuberosum L.

Potato is the third most important food crop which requires high fertilizer that leads to environmental pollution. The use of biofertilizer is environment friendly and cost effective hence is suitable for sustainable agriculture. In this study, 44 bacterial isolates including mostly Azospirillum, Bacillus, Brevundimonas, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas and Rhizobium spp. were isolated from potato rhizosphere of which 32 were able to fix atmospheric N2 and 29 showed indole acetic acid (IAA) production. Strains showed high metabolic and genetic diversity based on BioLog, ERIC and BOX-PCR analysis. Out of potential plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) tested for inoculation response in potato, it was observed that the N2 fixation (%Ndfa) decreases with the increase in applied N for Rhizobium sp. TN04 and Azospirillum sp. TN09 whereas no effect was observed for Azospirillum sp. TN03. Azospirillum sp. TN09 showed the highest %Ndfa among three tested isolates. Under field conditions, Azospirillum spp. TN03, TN09 and Rhizobium sp. TN04, Rhizobium sp. TN04 increased plant height (18%), dry weight (18.5%) tuber dry weight (14%) and tuber yield (19%). Azospirillum, Brevundimonas and Rhizobium spp. also maintain substantial population with potato roots. Metagenomics were employed to study total bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of potato from major potato growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan showed that structural community (based on 16S rRNA) is almost similar across all the regions whereas functional diversity (based on nifH) of diazotrophs is mostly variable. Abundance of diazotrophs (108-1010 copies of nifH g-1 of soil) changed among regions. Pyrosequencing of nifH validated maximum diversity in Sheikhupura (446 species) whereas minimum in Gujranwala area (291 species). Overall in the potato rhizosphere, most abundant class was α-proteobacteria followed by β-proteobacteria. The study concludes that abundance of different genera varies across different regions due to many biotic and abiotic factors. Azospirillum spp. TN03, TN09 and Rhizobium sp. TN04 omnipresent and have potential to improve potato yield up to 15-19% subsequently saving 50% nitrogenous fertilizer, are recommended as potential candidates for biofertilizer production for potato crop. The study also shows that potato xvi harbor a diverse range of novel diazotrophs (not known earlier) which opens new horizons for future prospects.