صہباؔ لکھنوی
صہبا لکھنوی مدت سے بیمار تھے، وہ خلقتاً بھی نحیف اور کمزور تھے، اس کے باوجود افکار کی ترتیب و ادارت اور اس سے متعلقہ کاموں کی نگرانی کرتے تھے، بالآخر ۳۱؍ مارچ ۲۰۰۲ء میں پیامِ اجل آگیا، مرحوم ’’افکار‘‘ کے بانی مدیر تھے اور صحافیوں کی اس نسل سے تعلق رکھتے تھے جو صلہ و ستائش سے بے پروا ہوکر ادب پروری اور صحافت وادب کے فروغ کے لیے صحافت کے پیشے سے وابستہ ہوتی تھی۔
صہبا صاحب کا اصل نام سید شرافت علی تھا، ان کا آبائی وطن لکھنؤ تھا، مگر وہ ۲۵؍ دسمبر ۱۹۱۹ء کو بھوپال میں پیدا ہوئے تھے، تقسیم سے پہلے یہیں رہایش پذیر تھے اور ۱۹۴۵ء میں یہیں سے ماہنامہ افکار جاری کیا اور اپنی ساری قوت و توانائی اسی میں لگا دی، ان میں شعر و ادب اور نقد و نظر کی جو صلاحیتیں اور قابلیتیں پنہاں تھیں۔ ان کو افکار کے لیے قربان کردیا اور اپنے نوک خامہ سے دوسرے ارباب قلم کی تحریریں چمکاتے اور افکار میں شایع کر کے ان کی ہمت و حوصلہ بڑھاتے اور ان کی عزت افزائی کرتے، انہوں نے بڑے بڑے ادیبوں کی تحریروں کے معاملے میں اپنا حقِ ادارت محفوظ رکھا اور ان کی کوئی رورعایت نہیں کی۔
تقسیم کے بعد کراچی آئے تو افکار نے یہاں سے دوسرا جنم لیا، صہبا صاحب مالی مشکلات اور دوسری پریشانیوں سے دوچار ہوئے اور لوگوں کی نکتہ چینی کا نشانہ بنے مگر افکار کی خدمت و ترقی میں ہمہ تن منہمک رہے، رات دن اٹھتے بیٹھتے اور چلتے پھرتے افکار ہی ان کے دل و دماغ پر چھایا رہتا تھا، ان کے پاس زیادہ سرمایہ نہ تھا لیکن جو کچھ اور جس قدر تھا سب افکار کی نذر کردیا۔ اپنے بعد بھی اس کو جاری رکھنے کے لیے افکار فاؤنڈیشن...
Every Human being needs family system to live with dignity. There is joint family system, and separate family system in practice in Muslim Societies. Shah Waliullah gave concept of ideal family system. The ingredients of ideal family system of Shah Waliullah are Nikāḥ, Siblings, Property, Love and Society. People faced many problems for living respectfully, and born grave losses due to war. Shah Waliullah not only taught us religious teachings but also guided us how to make our socio- economic system strong as well as family system. In this article, his teachings and thoughts about family system have been discussed.
Silicon is still the dominant photovoltaic technology with over 90% share in the solar cell market. Prices of silicon solar cells have drastically reduced in the past few years which has led to its widespread adoption, but manufacturing of these cells requires huge capital and running cost and the processes involved are extremely time and energy intensive.For solar cells to become ubiquitous their cost needs to be significantly lowered. This can be done through new approaches which involve cheap materials and easy processing. Perovskite and dye sensitized solar cells have emerged as cost effective alternatives to the silicon solar cells due to their simple and easy processing and inexpensive constituents. Although perovskite solar cells have demonstrated a lab scale power conversion efficiency of over 22% but their ambient air synthesis and long-term stability against moisture and water remains a challenge to their commercial exploitation. Different approaches including a water resistive top coating on perovskite cells, substituting iodide with chloride ion and methyl group with formamidinium cation, constructing two-dimensional layered morphologies and morphology engineering using co-solvents and additives have been explored to address these issues. Among these approaches, additive engineering due to its ease of incorporation, simplicity and unprecedented control over the nature and architecture of substituents offers huge advantage over all the rest.This thesis presents results of the ambient-air synthesis and stability studies of perovskite solar cells prepared using additives with hydrophobic and hydrophilic substituents. To realize perovskite solar cells two-step approach was employed. Ethanolamine (EA), dibutylamine (DBA) and dibutylethanol amine (DBEA) were used as complexing agents to modify the nucleation and crystallization behavior of lead iodide during film formation. All three additives significantly enhanced solubility of lead iodide in dimethylformamide (DMF). Perovskite films prepared using EA, DBA and DBEA showed much improved surface coverages, larger and uniform grain sizes and much enhanced uniformities compared to pristine film, which exhibited gross phase separation. Power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of over 3%, 5% and 10.8% were obtained for EA, DBA and DBEA incorporated perovskites whereas pristine devices exhibited PEC values of under 1%.Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy confirms IV results that charge recombination is drastically reduced by the addition of these additives and the lowest recombination was observed for DBEA. Similar trend was observed for air-stability tests where DBEAincorporated devices showed highest stability (over 750 h) followed by DBA (over 500 h) and then EA (less than 200 h). Under same environmental conditions, pristine devices were found to be completely degraded within 150 h. Second part of this thesis reports on the efficiency enhancement of dye sensitized solar cells by directly depositing gold (Au) nanoparticles on the mesoporous titania scaffold before dye xii sensitization. Cells based on these photoanodes showed 9.48% efficiency compared to 6.1% for the reference cell, exhibiting an overall enhancement of 55% using only 0.11 wt% of Au, which is the lowest reported Au concentration for DSSCs in the literature to-date. We also report on the use of biomass-derived nitrogen-doped carbon aerogel as an effective alternative to conventional platinum based counter electrodes for dye sensitized solar cells. The nitrogen-doped carbon aerogel electrode, deposited from oleylamine mixture, was annealed at different temperatures and its impact on photovoltaic performance of these cells is investigated. I-V measurements confirm that the annealing temperature substantially enhances photovoltaic parameters of these devices. The power conversion efficiency of the solar cells from optimized nitrogen-doped carbon aerogel exhibited comparable efficiency to that of a cell fabricated using platinum-based counter electrode.