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Diafenthiuron is a thiourea derivative pesticide that is commonly used against sucking pests in Pakistan. Present work was designed to report the toxic effect of diafenthiuron on non-target organism, Labeo rohita behavior, growth, hematology, serum biochemical profile, elemental composition in fish muscles and histology of vital organs. Juvenile freshwater Cyprinid fish Rahu (Labeo rohita) of both sexes (body length 12.5-25.5cm and body weight 27.7 to 163.63g) were purchased (N=500) from Faheem Fish Form Multan. Fish were acclimatized to controlled lab conditions. Fish were exposed to 0.0038, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mg L-1 of Diafenthiuron for 96 hours. A pesticide untreated control group was maintained in parallel. Fish mortality was observed after 24h, 48h, 72h and 96 h and 96h Diafenthiuron LC50 value for Labeo rohita was found to be 0.272 mgL-1. Experimental series include short and long term phases. During short term experiments, Labeo rohita were exposed to sublethal concentration of 0.0075 mgL-1 of Diafenthiuron for 2, 4 and 8 days respectively while in long term experiments, fish were exposed to same dose for 16, 32 and 64 days. In parallel control group was maintained for each experimental treatment. The Diafenthiuron treated fish showed avoidence response as it displayed abrupt and sluggish swimming movements with heavy mucous secretion and fish body colour changed to light brown. The pesticide exposed fish had significantly higher white blood cell, lymphocyte and red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, red blood cells distribution width, while platelets count, plateletcrit and platelet distribution were significantly decreased than control group. Similarly, concentration of total serum proteins, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglyceride concentrations and asparate aminotransferase were disturbed in different diafenthiuron exposed treatments than their control groups. Analysis of elemental concentration data from fish muscle showed that there were significant variations in calcium, potassium and cadmium concentration when compared between diafenthiuron treated and untreated groups. Wrinkling of cell membrane of hepatocytes, diffused hepatocytes necrosis, dislocation of nucleus, pycnosis of hepatic nuclei and dilation of blood sinusoid were observed in liver of fish exposed to Diafenthiuron. These results are in agreement with our results from complete blood count and serum biochemical analysis that had indicated an infectious state in fish with disturbed metabolism. In Diafenthiuron treated Labeo rohita, a number of vacuolation and swellings in some renal tubular cells, shrinking of glomerulus were observed. The renal tubules exhibited shrunken lumen and vacuolated cytoplasm, pyknosis of nucleus, necrosis of renal tubular epithelial cells occurred, infiltration of leucocyte spread throughout and condensation of epithelial cells of tubules, karyorrhexsis and karyolysis indicated pesticide induced stress affecting the kidney histology severely. In conclusion, we have observed that sublethal dose (0.0075 mgL-1) of Diafenthiuron significantly affected the behavior, blood chemistry, histology of vital organs; elemental concentration in muscles of Labeo rohita than control groups indicating that Diafenthiuron has potential to adversely affect the physiology of non target organism, Labeo rohita. Therefore, we recommend strict measures to be taken at the government and public levels to prevent the entry of pesticides into water bodies to keep our food chains and food webs intact for sustaining life on the earth.
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