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The effect of exogenous polyhydroxy fullerene (PHF) nanoparticles on wheat salinity tolerance was studied. The PHF stock solution was prepared in MiliQ water and characterized via TEM, UV-Vis spectrum, EC, pH and TOC analyses. After this, different exogenous PHF concentrations (non-primed seed, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 1000, 10,000 nM)were usedto study early growth response of wheat seedlings under 0 and 150 mM NaCl stress.The PHF doses, 0, 10, 40, 80 and 120 nM PHFwere selected to study their effects on wheat seedlings under salinity when supplied through three different exogenous modes viz. root zone, seed priming and foliar spray. Various morpho-biochemical attributes studied and the results revealed thattwo modes of PHF exogenous application (Seed priming and foliar spray) selected to check its role at later growth stages.During experimentation, six priming treatments (non-primed, 0, 10, 40, 80 and 120 nM) while three foliar spray treatments (0, 40 and 80 nM PHF) were used to study their influence on the growth, biochemical, physiological, ionic and yield attributes. In an overall note, salinity decreased growth, photosynthetic pigments, leaf water relations and gas exchange attributes. Under salt stress, increased hydrogen peroxide contents and lipid peroxidation was recorded. In addition, increase in antioxidant activitieswas recorded in response to salt stress. Changes in nonenzymatic antioxidants were also evident that included reduction in ascorbic acid (AsA) and increase in flavonoids, phenolics, sugars and proline contents. Marked increase in Na+ions in wheat plant parts recorded under stress consistent with decrease in shoot K+, Ca2+ and P ions. On the other hand, exogenous PHF treatments improved growth attributes of wheat consistent with improvement in photosynthetic pigments, enzymatic antioxidant activities and enhanced sugar and proline accumulation. Furthermore, the plants treated with PHF exhibited significant increasein the photosynthetic activity and leaf water relations. In short, PHF exogenousapplication caused 6-10 % increase in the 100-grain weight under salinity in comparison with control plantsOverall, seed priming with 40 and 80 nMPHF were the most effective treatment that reduced oxidative stress, and increased antioxidant capacity and contributed to improvements in wheat grain yield in wheat under salt stress.
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