اندلس میں مسلمانوں کے ادوار حکومت کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ

The golden Islamic history cannot be completed without the mention of Spain which was a bright star. It became one of the great Muslim civilizations; reaching its summit with the Umayyad caliphate of the tenth century. The heartland of Muslim rule was Southern Spain or Andulus. Different eras of Muslim rule in Andulus have been described in this research with an aim to highlight their apex and glory they achieved and then a focus on the reasons of their downfall as well. A brief introduction of the rulers in all eras with their major achievements and immersion in evil habits that led to their downfall has been the prime focus of this research. It gives us various glimpses from the course of history to reflect upon Muslim rule in Spain from a new perspective.

Association of Vitamin D Receptor Genetic Polymorphism to the Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Local Populaion

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an increasingly common metabolic disorder with a substantial inherited component. The inheritance pattern is complex and polymorphisms of several genes might influence genetic susceptibility of the disease that is characterized by islet dysfunction and insulin resistance. Although various characteristics of diabetes mellitus in local population have been investigated, progress in defining genetic factors is meager. As the genetic architecture of T2DM may vary between diverse ethnic populations, it is critical that such variants are examined in Pakistani population. The present project was aimed to investigate association of vitamin D receptor(VDR) gene polymorphisms with T2DM in Pakistan. Methodolgy included documentation of demographic charateristics and comparative analysis of biochemical parameters (glucose, HbA1c, vitamin D, lipid profile, liver function tests and renal function tests)in diabetic and normal participants. Genomic DNA was used for genotyping of four restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) sites; BsmI, ApaI, TaqI and FokI by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications and restriction endonuclease digestion of the products. The digested PCR products were separated on agarose gel electrophoresis. Among all the demographic parameters, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and BMI (body mass index) were significantly higher (p<0.001) in diabetic group as compared to the control group. Hyperglycemia, renal and lipid profiles were significantly inversely associated (p<0.01) to vitamin D levels in T2DM subjects.Differences of FokI, BsmI and TaqI genotypes of VDR gene were significant between T2DM and normal groups (p<0.01).While ApaI showed non-significant association to the T2DM in local population. No significant association was found between biochemical parameters and all four restriction sites (ApaI, BsmI, FokI and TaqI) (p>0.01). In addition, VDR gene polymorphisms were related non-significantly (p>0.05) to the diabetic complications in the present study. To conclude, VDR gene polymorphisms (BsmI, FokI and TaqI) may contribute to the onset and progression of T2DM in local Pakistani population but association between VDR genetic polymorphisms to various diabetic complications is still not clear and warrants additional functional genomics studies to verify the genetic susceptibility of VDR gene to T2DM onset and progress.