قائداعظم محمد علی جیناؔ رحمہ اﷲ
افسوس ہے کہ ۱۱؍ ستمبر ۱۹۴۸ء کی شب کو قائداعظم محمد علی جناح کا کراچی میں بہتر (۷۲) برس کی عمر میں انتقال ہوگیا، پاکستان و ہندوستان اور عالم اسلام نے اس حادثہ پر بڑا صدمہ محسوس کیا، دوسرے دن عصر کے وقت کئی لاکھ کے مجمع میں ان کی نماز جنازہ ادا کی گئی اور تدفین عمل میں آئی، عام مسلمانوں میں ان کو جوہر دلعزیزی حاصل تھی اس کا اثر یہ ہے کہ ہندوستان اور اکثر اسلامی ملکوں، ریاستوں اور شہروں نے ان کا ماتم کیا اور ان کے لئے قرآن خوانی اور مغفرت کی دعا کی گئی۔
مرحوم کے سیاسی کارنامے آفتاب کی طرح روشن ہیں، وہ بڑے قانون داں، بڑے مناظر اور اجتماعیات کے بڑے نبض شناس تھے اور اپنے پیروؤں پر بلا کا اثر رکھتے تھے، ان کی بڑی خصوصیت اپنی بات پر جم کر دوسروں سے اپنی بات منوانے کی قوت تھی، انہوں نے اپنی اس قوت کا مظاہرہ پاکستان کے مطالبہ میں پوری طرح کیا اور بالآخر کامیابی حاصل کی اور ایک ایسی حکومت قائم کی جس کا دعویٰ ہے کہ وہ اس وقت سب سے بڑی اسلامی حکومت ہے اور آبادی کے لحاظ سے دنیا میں اس کا پانچواں درجہ ہے۔
ہندوستان کی سیاست میں مرحوم کا بڑا حصہ ہے اور ۱۹۱۶ء سے لے کر جب لیگ اور کانگریس میں ان کی کوشش سے مشہور پیکٹ ہوا، ۱۹۴۸ء تک سوائے ان چند سالوں کے جب وہ ترک موالات کی تحریک میں کانگریس سے الگ ہوگئے۔ ہمیشہ ایک لیڈر کی حیثیت سے ملک میں ممتازرہے، ان کی نسبت ان کے دوست اور دشمن ایک بات پورے وثوق کے ساتھ کہہ سکتے ہیں کہ وہ نہ کبھی حکومت وقت سے ڈرے اور نہ جاہ و منصب کی کوئی حرص و طمع ان کو اپنی...
Since the past few years, muslims all over the world are being brutally accused of severe extremism. Many muslims now a days condemn terrorism and extremism and are not willing to connect these terms with the religion Islam. However there are a few who are in favour of these things. Terrorism is basically caused by a number of different acts of brutality. Its actually a chain reaction caused by the conspiracies against Islam, double standards of different super powers and injustice to the convicted and oppressed. Killings of the innocent and unarmed in the name of aggression is some thing which is totally against the Islamic teachings. Things become more complicated and dangerous when such acts of vandalism are done in the name of religion. Although many goals of ISIS are Islam based, however these very goals are achieved through non-Islamic ways. They feel no shame and go against all the ethics and moral values to reach their goals. Hence causing much more damage to their own muslim fellows. Even the cemetries are no more safe. They kill their opponents in the worst possible way and disrespect the dead bodies by kicking and hanging them to the trees. If this situation persists, it is inevitable that ISIS might replace the Halaku Khan and Genghiz Khan is brutality.
Biological sequences consist of A C G and T in a DNA structure and contain vital information of living organisms. This information is used in many applications such as drug design, microarray analysis and phylogenetic trees. Advances in computing technologies, specifically Next Generation Sequencing technologies have increased genomic data at a rapid rate. The increase in genomic data presents significant research challenges in bioinformatics, such as sequence alignment, short read error correction, phylogenetic inference etc. Various tools and algorithms have been proposed for phylogenetic inference. Early algorithms used sequential programs to solve the problem of phylogenetic inference. Improvements were gained in terms of tree accuracy and execution time, however; the programs were still slow, and improvements were needed to infer correct phylogeny in short times. This challenge introduced parallel and distributed processing to the field of bioinformatics. Many tools and programs have been developed based on parallel and distributed computing. This thesis presents algorithmic solutions for phylogenetic inference. Solutions include ‘PhyloDoop’ and ‘SeqCompress’ algorithms. PhyloDoop algorithm is used for inference of phylogenetic trees. The algorithm is based on Maximum Likelihood method, implemented on Hadoop Map/Reduce framework. PhyloDoop is based on clusters i.e. divides the input alignment to clusters, builds trees for each cluster, merges and optimizes all sub-trees and the final tree is also optimized. PhyloDoop is compared to well-known algorithms both on real and simulated datasets. Experiments on real datasets were performed to test likelihood values, execution time, and speedup in distributed environment. The results show better accuracy as compared to other algorithms on most of the datasets. Execution time is also short on most datasets. The proposed algorithm yields better speed up on large datasets. Simulated datasets were used to measure topological accuracy. PhyloDoop is topologically accurate on most datasets with short execution time in comparison to other algorithms. SeqCompress is used to compress DNA sequences in order to reduce memory requirements and execution time. Impressive results are shown in comparison to other algorithms. These results show a gap for efficient usage of compression techniques to infer correct phylogeny with low memory requirements as well as execution time.