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Analytical Study of Community Development Programs for Socio-Economic Development in Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Bashir, Siraj

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Karachi

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Sociology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11711/1/Siraj%20Bashir_Social%20Work_2018_UoK_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724506239

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According to Sustainable Development Policy Institute (2014), Pakistan "58.7 million people in Pakistan are living in multidimensional poverty with 46 per cent of rural population and 18 per cent of urban households falling below the poverty line." Practices of International Development have flagged community development programs as means to improve the living standard of people. Community development programs can provide opportunities to local people to improve the socio-economic conditionandalso use the existing recourses in better way. It is an approach that aims to bring about the changes in the Society. These changes are actually planned at development of the Society. It aims at all-around development people. It means at involving people, particularly of the areas in the development activities. The most broadly understood definition of the term was developed by United Nation organization: " Community Development refers to the process by which the efforts of the people themselves are united with those Governmental authorities to improve the economic social and cultural conditions of the nation and to enable them to contribute fully to national progress”. The development proposes that the emerging nations move through a series of phases of evolution towards modernization is on the basis of social , political and economic stabilization. Nowadays in the world, every country considers community development as an important approach for public development ,therefore; every country attempts to implement several programs of community development to improve the living standard of communities. Community development concept has been adopted rapidly by a variety ofdonor agencies as well as by many national governments in the world. A number of modest national community development programs were implemented primarily in British Africa around 1948. The first major community development program was initiated in India in 1952 with the support from Ford Foundation and the United States Foreign Economic Assistance Agencies. From the inception of Pakistan up to the present day, Government of Pakistan and Internationaland National Non- Government Organizations(NGOs) have implemented a number ofcommunity development programs in whole country as means to develop the living standard of people in the country. This thesis explores the impacts and contributions of community development programs for socio- economic development in Pakistan. The study includes case studies, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with Government officials ,NGOs staff and beneficiaries in the field. Recommendations will be made as to the best practices of community development programs for policy makers and NGOs to improve the living standard of people in the country.
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قائداعظم محمد علی جناح

قائداعظم محمد علی جیناؔ رحمہ اﷲ
افسوس ہے کہ ۱۱؍ ستمبر ۱۹۴۸؁ء کی شب کو قائداعظم محمد علی جناح کا کراچی میں بہتر (۷۲) برس کی عمر میں انتقال ہوگیا، پاکستان و ہندوستان اور عالم اسلام نے اس حادثہ پر بڑا صدمہ محسوس کیا، دوسرے دن عصر کے وقت کئی لاکھ کے مجمع میں ان کی نماز جنازہ ادا کی گئی اور تدفین عمل میں آئی، عام مسلمانوں میں ان کو جوہر دلعزیزی حاصل تھی اس کا اثر یہ ہے کہ ہندوستان اور اکثر اسلامی ملکوں، ریاستوں اور شہروں نے ان کا ماتم کیا اور ان کے لئے قرآن خوانی اور مغفرت کی دعا کی گئی۔
مرحوم کے سیاسی کارنامے آفتاب کی طرح روشن ہیں، وہ بڑے قانون داں، بڑے مناظر اور اجتماعیات کے بڑے نبض شناس تھے اور اپنے پیروؤں پر بلا کا اثر رکھتے تھے، ان کی بڑی خصوصیت اپنی بات پر جم کر دوسروں سے اپنی بات منوانے کی قوت تھی، انہوں نے اپنی اس قوت کا مظاہرہ پاکستان کے مطالبہ میں پوری طرح کیا اور بالآخر کامیابی حاصل کی اور ایک ایسی حکومت قائم کی جس کا دعویٰ ہے کہ وہ اس وقت سب سے بڑی اسلامی حکومت ہے اور آبادی کے لحاظ سے دنیا میں اس کا پانچواں درجہ ہے۔
ہندوستان کی سیاست میں مرحوم کا بڑا حصہ ہے اور ۱۹۱۶؁ء سے لے کر جب لیگ اور کانگریس میں ان کی کوشش سے مشہور پیکٹ ہوا، ۱۹۴۸؁ء تک سوائے ان چند سالوں کے جب وہ ترک موالات کی تحریک میں کانگریس سے الگ ہوگئے۔ ہمیشہ ایک لیڈر کی حیثیت سے ملک میں ممتازرہے، ان کی نسبت ان کے دوست اور دشمن ایک بات پورے وثوق کے ساتھ کہہ سکتے ہیں کہ وہ نہ کبھی حکومت وقت سے ڈرے اور نہ جاہ و منصب کی کوئی حرص و طمع ان کو اپنی...

تکفیری جماعت داعش: افکارو اثرات: تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Since the past few years, muslims all over the world are being brutally accused of severe extremism. Many muslims now a days condemn terrorism and extremism and are not willing to connect these terms with the religion Islam. However there are a few who are in favour of these things. Terrorism is basically caused by a number of different acts of brutality. Its actually a chain reaction caused by the conspiracies against Islam, double standards of different super powers and injustice to the convicted and oppressed. Killings of the innocent and unarmed in the name of aggression is some thing which is totally against the Islamic teachings. Things become more complicated and dangerous when such acts of vandalism are done in the name of religion. Although many goals of ISIS are Islam based, however these very goals are achieved through non-Islamic ways. They feel no shame and go against all the ethics and moral values to reach their goals. Hence causing much more damage to their own muslim fellows. Even the cemetries are no more safe. They kill their opponents in the worst possible way and disrespect the dead bodies by kicking and hanging them to the trees. If this situation persists, it is inevitable that ISIS might replace the Halaku Khan and Genghiz Khan is brutality.

Hadoop-Based Algorithm for Inference of Phylogenetic Trees Using Maximum Likelihood Method

Biological sequences consist of A C G and T in a DNA structure and contain vital information of living organisms. This information is used in many applications such as drug design, microarray analysis and phylogenetic trees. Advances in computing technologies, specifically Next Generation Sequencing technologies have increased genomic data at a rapid rate. The increase in genomic data presents significant research challenges in bioinformatics, such as sequence alignment, short read error correction, phylogenetic inference etc. Various tools and algorithms have been proposed for phylogenetic inference. Early algorithms used sequential programs to solve the problem of phylogenetic inference. Improvements were gained in terms of tree accuracy and execution time, however; the programs were still slow, and improvements were needed to infer correct phylogeny in short times. This challenge introduced parallel and distributed processing to the field of bioinformatics. Many tools and programs have been developed based on parallel and distributed computing. This thesis presents algorithmic solutions for phylogenetic inference. Solutions include ‘PhyloDoop’ and ‘SeqCompress’ algorithms. PhyloDoop algorithm is used for inference of phylogenetic trees. The algorithm is based on Maximum Likelihood method, implemented on Hadoop Map/Reduce framework. PhyloDoop is based on clusters i.e. divides the input alignment to clusters, builds trees for each cluster, merges and optimizes all sub-trees and the final tree is also optimized. PhyloDoop is compared to well-known algorithms both on real and simulated datasets. Experiments on real datasets were performed to test likelihood values, execution time, and speedup in distributed environment. The results show better accuracy as compared to other algorithms on most of the datasets. Execution time is also short on most datasets. The proposed algorithm yields better speed up on large datasets. Simulated datasets were used to measure topological accuracy. PhyloDoop is topologically accurate on most datasets with short execution time in comparison to other algorithms. SeqCompress is used to compress DNA sequences in order to reduce memory requirements and execution time. Impressive results are shown in comparison to other algorithms. These results show a gap for efficient usage of compression techniques to infer correct phylogeny with low memory requirements as well as execution time.