کتاب التجرید میں امام قدوری کا منہج و اسلوب

Since the creation of this world, there have been disagreements in different matters among mankind. Technically, difference in opinion is of two kinds. One is Invalid or unpleasant disagreement; which has no valid reasoning and it bases on other evil objectives. While the other one is valid or pleasant disagreement; which bases on valid reasoning. The second one is also known as healthy disagreement. The disagreements among Islamic Scholars, ‘Ulamā and fuqahā relates to the second kind; valid disagreements, because they are established on valid reasons and evidences. They are also considered as a blessing for mankind. That is why these scholarly and fiqhī disagreements are always deeply admired. An important book scholarly written on the subject matter is ‘Kitāb al Tajrīd’ by Imām Qudūrī. This article is an introduction to his book ‘Kitāb al Tajrīd’ and its style. It is a distinct and excellent book of its kind. The features of the book motivate to discuss about it.

Growth Bioregulation of Heat Stressed Maize by Exogenous Application of Thiourea

Heat stress is a main growth reducing factor for most crop plants. It is a serious risk for crop production around the world due to high ambient temperature. High temperature stress reduces yield of maize by negatively affecting the stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content and metabolites biosynthesis. Tolerance to heat stress can be increased by using different growth regulators. Thiourea has since long been known for its stress tolerance. The experiments were performed to determine physiological role of medium-supplemented thiourea (0.25 mM) in improving heat stress tolerance in maize using five hybrids (30Y87, DK6789, 30R50, 31R88 and 32B33) in autumn and spring seasons of the years 2014 and 2015. Data were recorded for growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange, oxidative stress and antioxidants, osmoprotectant and mineral elements. The result revealed that autumn conditions were more toxic as compared to spring. Data on interactive studies of heat stress and thiourea showed that medium supplemented thiourea ameliorated the adverse effect of heat stress and improved proliferation of roots. Thiourea applied to heat stressed plants enhanced chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, while its influence was more prominent on the sensitive (32B33) than tolerant (30Y87) maize hybrids. Thiourea application enhanced the net assimilation rate (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) and reduced sub-stomatal CO2 concentration (Ci). Moreover, thiourea application was effective in improving the contents of soluble phenolics, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, niacin and riboflavin, which proved of great advantage to scavenge hydrogen peroxide and reduced malondialdehyde synthesis. Medium supplementation of thiourea enhanced the tissue contents of mineral nutrients such as N, P, K+, S, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the shoot and root of maize meagerly under control and excessively under heat stress, which appeared to improve the root area and its function. In short, these studies described some specific properties of thiourea in enhancing growth of plant under heat stress which makes thiourea as an important bioregulator for root proliferation under control and stressful conditions.