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Home > Constraint’S Analysis of Agricultural Credit Use: Implications for Poverty Reduction in Pakistan

Constraint’S Analysis of Agricultural Credit Use: Implications for Poverty Reduction in Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Waqar Akram

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Sargodha

City

Sargodha

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2008

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Economics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/3635

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724572124

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The study analyzed the constraints faced by the farmers to rural credit by utilizing two household level data sets. The first survey Pakistan Rural Household Survey (PRHS) 2001 was utilized to study the purpose, source structure and utilization of rural credit and; the second which covered nearly 160 households from Sargodha District 2007 was used to calculate the demand and interest rate function by applying Heckman two stage procedures. The focus of this study was to find out the affect of credit constraints of institutional credit on consumption and production pattern of the rural farm households. After measuring the probability of being constrained used to study affect on consumption pattern of farmers who were credit constraint. The frontier production function was used to study the affect of credit constrained and un-constrained farmers. The analysis revealed that agricultural production loan was found as 45.8 percent. ZTBL was providing most of the loan to the farmers for their agricultural needs. The interest was ranging between 10 to 20 percent in all agro-climatic regions. The logit model was applied to determine the nominal interest rate and borrowing function of the farmers. The results showed that the transitory income, predicted interest rate, and farm size were significant. Credit constraints were determined by using Heckman’s two stage procedure. The results showed that the coefficient of education of male household was significant showing that education function as a facilitator to enter into credit market. The farmers faced many constraints namely: lower literacy rate, small and fragmented holdings, uneven access to agricultural extension and information and in ability to obtain adequate irrigation water, less access to agriculture credit institutions, and inequitable distribution of land and water. The results of the frontier production revealed that credit users and non credit users were allocatively inefficient, especially irrigation water. The mean technical efficiency of credit users was 90 and that of non-credit users was 79 percent, respectively. The high technical efficiency of credit users was attributed to better market access to the farmers to new technology through the availability of agricultural credit. The low level of technical efficiency of non-credit users as compared to credit users implied that potential for improvement exists. The high technical efficiency of credit users was safely attributed to credit availability through which farmers have an access to new technology. With respect to policy implication, the study suggested that development and dissemination of low cost and site-specific production technologies for the farmers. In this regard formation of Credit Assessment Bureaus for the risk assessment of the borrowers as it done in urban areas. Better dissemination of information and technology for improved decision making regarding use of credit.
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5 لوک گیت

لوک گیت

 

                پنجابی لوک گیتاں دا دامن بڑا وسیع اے۔ بچے دے جمن توں لے کے بڈھے دے مرن تک دے لوک گیتاں نال ایہہ شاعری مالا مال اے، لوک گیت لوکاں دے دلاں دیاں دھڑکناں تے عام لوکاں دیاں خوشیاں دیاں منہ بولدیاں تصویراں ہوندے نیں۔ لوک گیت اوہناں وَن سونے پھلاں وانگوں ہوندے نیں جیہڑے مٹی دی زرخیزی پاروں دھرتی وچوں آپ مہارے پنگر پیندے نیں۔ تے دماغ وچ لہہ جان والی خوشبو نال دھرتی نوں خوبصورتی بخشدے نیں۔ ایہہ لوک گیت عام لوکاں دے دکھاں تے درداں دیاں کہانیاں ہوندے نیں تے ایہدے نال نال کسے وی علاقے دیاں ثقافتی قدراں دے ذخیرے وی ہوندے نیں۔

                لوک گیت کسے وی قوم دا بڑاوڈا نمونہ ہوندے نیں۔ ایہناں وچ نہ صرف قوم دے رہن سہن دے ڈھنگ بلکہ اوس وسیب دیاں من موہنیاں تصویراں وی ہوندیاں نیں۔ لوک گیتاں وچ صدیاں دے تجربے، مت دیاں گلاں، قوم دے رسم ورواج، گزرے ہوئے ویلے دی جھلک، سوہنی دھرتی دا رنگ، اُگن والیاں فصلاں، دریاواں، ندیاں دیاں کانگاں، طوفاناں تے جھکھڑاں توں وکھ ریت دے ٹیلے، نخلستان تے ہرے بھرے میداناں دا ذکر ملدا اے۔

                ایہہ لوک گیت ساڈے سوچ تے...

Epidemiology of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Response to Different Hazardous Chewing Causes in Lahore, Pakistan-a Unicenter study epidemiology of oral carcinoma in Lahore, Pakistan

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The Impact of Introduction of the Canadian Ct – Head Rule on the Use of Ct-Scan on Minor Head Injury Patients at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi

Background: Head injury is a common traumatic condition seen in Kenya. Among the head injury patients seen at the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi, minor head injury patients are the highest proportion of non–fatal trauma patients. Minor head injury is described as witnessed loss on consciousness, definite amnesia or witnessed disorientation in a patient with a GCS score of 13–15 who has suffered a traumatic event. There has been considerable disagreement about the indication for a Computed Axial Tomography Scan of the Head (CT-head) in the large number of patients clinically classified as minor. The Canadian CT Head Rule was derived as a sensitive decision rule on the use of CT with the aim to standardize and improve the management of patients with minor head injury. The rule comprised of five high risk factors and two moderate risk factors(Appendix 1). At the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi, there are no protocols that guide the decision making by physicians on when to do a CT-head for patients who have suffered a minor head injury. According to a pilot study done, approximately 96% of patients with minor head injury have a CT–head done. Objective: To determine the change in proportion of CT-scan done in patients with minor head injury after introduction of the Canadian CT Head Rule Guide at the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi. Secondary objectives were to determine the proportion of patients with minor head injury and moderate risk factors according to the Canadian CT Head rule for whom CT was ordered, probability of neurosurgical intervention in patients with minor head injury and their outcomes on follow up. Study design: A Before - After study Method: A total of 84 eligible patients diagnosed with minor head injury were recruited at the Accident and Emergency Department. Forty - two patients were assessed and data on high risk factors and moderate risk factors of the CCHR, Glasgow coma scale, age, management plan and the Glasgow outcome score on follow-up collected with data collection form 1 (see appendix 2) in the 'before' group, thereafter the Canadian CT Head Rule (CCHR) was introduced and another forty-two patients were assessed according to data collection form 2 (see appendix 3). Results: The proportions of CT scans done in the 'before' and 'after' groups were 95.2% and 21.4% respectively. The difference of 73.8% between the two groups was statistically significant (CI 0.55 to 0.84).The proportion of patients