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Home > Democracy, Economic Freedom and Growth: A Case Study of Pakistan

Democracy, Economic Freedom and Growth: A Case Study of Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Mahmood, Khalid

Program

PhD

Institute

Bahauddin Zakariya University

City

Multan

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2009

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Economics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1329

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724591656

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Institutional freedom is considered one of the most important factor in the debate of economic growth of nations. The most prominent kinds of institutional freedom which actively take part in economic prosperity are democracy (political liberalization) and economic freedom (business liberalization). The nature of impact of democracy and economic freedom on nation’s economic growth is not crystal clear. The nature of impact of democracy and economic freedom on national well being directly indirectly depends on social, economic, political, geographical and cultural aspects of society. This dissertation presents the overview of significance of democracy and economic freedom for Pakistan’s economic growth. This thesis starts with the explanation of notion of democracy and economic freedom and comprehensive review of various measures of level of democracy and economic freedom. Followed by theoretical and graphical analysis of economic freedom – economic growth and democracy – economic growth trends in Pakistan. For empirical investigation this study measured the indexes of level of economic freedom and democracy annually. “Alliance for Restoration of Democracy in Asia” (ARDA) and “The Fraser Institute Canada” methodologies are adopted for measurement of democracy and economic freedom respectively, while statistics of growth proxies are taken from State Bank of Pakistan and Federal Bureau of Statistics government of Pakistan reports. For study period 1970 to 2007 this thesis has constructed the data set of 38 annual observations. The most recent econometric technique ARDL approach is employed for examination of long run and short run relationships between targeted variables. To observe the comprehensive impact of institutional freedoms (democracy and economic freedom) on economic growth of Pakistan’s economy this study regress a number of regressions. Therefore in sum economic freedom in the presence of poor infrastructure and illiterate society in Pakistan hindered the pace of economic prosperity. Democracy on the other hand approximately enhances the pace of economic growth, but apart from national incomes growth proxies’ democracy shown insignificant touches toward growth proxies of financial, capital and fiscal markets. The most important finding of this dissertation is that, stable democratization alone is not to key of economic growth in Pakistan but it is necessary condition. Therefore, Pakistan will have to focus on stable democrization, which ultimately will encourage or reinforce the economic freedom and economic growth.
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جان ون سنک

جان ون سنک کا انتقال
لیڈن کے مشہور مستشرق ڈاکٹر ایرنٹ جان ون سنک کا گزشتہ ستمبر میں انتقال ہوگیا، یوروپین مستشرقین میں ڈاکٹر موصوف کے علم و فضل کا پایہ نہایت بلند تھا، وہ ۱۸۸۲؁ء میں پیدا ہوئے، ۱۹۱۲؁ء میں لیڈن یونیورسٹی میں عربی کے لکچرر مقرر ہوئے، اور پھر ۱۹۲۷؁ء میں اس کے شعبہ عربی کی صدارت تفویض ہوئی، وہ انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف اسلام کے چیف اڈیٹر بھی تھے۔
ان کو شروع میں سامی زبان سے بڑی دلچسپی تھی، چنانچہ انھوں نے سامی علاماتی تخیل پر بہت سے مضامین لکھے، اس کے بعد وہ سریانی زبان کی طرف مائل ہوئے اور اس زبان کے صوفیانہ لٹریچر کا گہرا مطالعہ کیا اور برہیرس کی Book of Dove اور Mystical Treatises of Isaac of Ninerer کا ترجمہ کیا، پھر سریانی زبان کے صوفیانہ لٹریچر کے نئی معلومات کے نام سے ایک کتاب بھی لکھی۔
مگر وہ اسلامیات کے ایک مستند عالم کی حیثیت سے زیادہ مشہور تھے، فن حدیث پر انھوں نے مندرجہ ذیل کتابیں لکھیں:
(1) Mohammeden de joden te Medina.
(2) Handbook of early Muhamaden tradition.
(3) Concordonce et Indices de la tradition Masulmane.
(4) The Muslim Creed.
انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف اسلام میں مختلف موضوع پر ان کے مضامین بکثرت ہیں۔
(صباح الدین عبدالرحمن، مارچ ۱۹۴۰ء)

 

لسان العرب کا تعارفی و تحقیقی مطالعہ

The dictionaries have played a vital role in understating and preserving any language. Arabic is a Semitic language; it has a large, deep and rich history. The Arabs have always tried to keep the Arabic language safe, but all these efforts were verbal, they did not have a tradition of writing in pre Islamic era. After the Islam they focused on writing and began the writing activities such as: exegesis of Quranic verses, Hadith and explanation of some difficult words used in Quranic verses. In the 2nd century, the first initial stage of Arabic dictionary writing began with the efforts of Al-Khalil, who is considered as a founder of Arabic dictionary writing. After that, language scholars created a great work in promotion of Arabic dictionary. Of these scholars Ibn Manzoor who sacrificed his life for the preserving Arabic language through his writing and research. And his valuable and great benefit book (Lisan-al-Arab) which is considered one of the most important source on said subject. In this Paper, we have presented an introductory and detailed study of his said book, So that Urdu readers can benefit from this scholarly investment.

Physiological Aspects of High Fat Diet Induced Metabolic Stress in Rats

Diet has a great impact on human health. Consumption of high caloric diet (rich in fat) may lead to obesity and metabolic disorders associated with inflammation. High fat diet (HFD) is associated with epidemic development of metabolic disorders. It can trigger dysbiosis which, may lead towards cellular stress development by increasing intestinal epithelial permeability, inflammation and metabolic syndrome. Manifestation of gut associated metabolic disorders may be causally linked with numerous chronic diseases such as, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn’s disease, Ulcerative colitis), Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome, insulin resistance and ultimately cancer. However, the exact mechanisms underlying HFD induced obesity remained unexplored. Thus, the current research was planned to evaluate the effects of HFD on different physiological aspects, pathophysiology of gut and metabolic stress. For this purpose HFD (15% and 30% Margarine: Blue Band®) feeding was done in Wistar rats for a period of 6 weeks (42 days). Blood sampling were thus done for evaluating lipid profile, serum glucose concentration and other biochemical analysis. Tissue sampling was conducted during different intervals of the experimental period to perform histopathology, fat staining, immunohistochemistry, cellular ROS and gene expression analysis. The data was statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and DMR. Results revealed significant role of HFD in elevating body weight (147.71±9.50 g), serum cholesterol (63.55±1.71 mg/dl), LDL (28.81±2.92 mg/dl) and triglycerides (70.05±2.51 mg/dl) compared to control group having body weight (137.24±6.11 g), serum cholesterol (52.48±0.84 mg/dl), LDL (19.25±2.57 mg/dl) and triglycerides (55.76±2.89 mg/dl) respectively. The onset of inflammation was observed in response to HFD feeding even after a short time period in gut. Apparently, the induction was triggered by HFD mediated stress response. The role of cellular stress pathways and calcium is crucial in underlying mechanism of ROS production, as high expression levels of MAPK-8, Traf-4, Traf-6, Calm-2, Grk-2 and Pias-2 genes were detected in HFD treatment groups as compared to that of control group. High E.coli count due to HFD consumption also demonstrated its role in alteration of gut microbiota. Overall, HFD has a major effect on different aspects of intestinal physiology and it induces obesity which is accompanied by oxidative stress due to alteration of gut physiology.