خس وخشاک زمانے
پاکستان میں 2010ء میں منظر عام پر آنے والا ناول خس وخاشاک زمانے مستنصر حسین تارڑ نے تحریر کیا۔ایک ایسا ناول جس میں لاہور کی منظر نگاری کی گئی ہے لاہور میں رہنے والوں کا ماحول ،رہن سہن اور گاؤں سے آنے والے وہ افراد جو روزگار کی تلاش میں بڑے شہروں کی طرف اپنا رخ کرتے ہیں اور پھر کس طرح ان کی زندگی گزرتی ہے، ان کوکن مسائل سے گزرنا پڑتا ہے۔ان تمام باتوں کو بہت خوبصورتی سے خس وخاشاک زمانے میں مصنف نے اپنا موضوع بنایا ہے۔ناول میں مصنف نے دنیا پور سے آئے ہوئے لوگوں کے بارے میں بتایا ہے کہ وہ سبزی منڈی آتے ہیں اور لاہور سبزی منڈی میں اپنا سارا مال بیچ کر شام کی ٹرین سے واپس اپنے گاؤں کی طرف چلے جاتے ہیں۔مصنف ان لوگوں کی طرف اشارہ کرتے ہیں کہ جو اپنے آپ کو بلند سمجھتے ہیں یعنی جاٹ برادری سے تعلق رکھتے ہیں۔خود کو تمام ذاتوں سے اعلیٰ اور باقی تمام ذاتوں کو خود سے کمتر اور اپنا خادم تصور کرتے ہیں۔مصنف نے بتایا ہے کہ جب یہی لوگ اپنے گاؤں سے شہر میں آکر آباد ہو جاتے ہیں تو انھیں شہر کی تنگ گلیوں اور چھوٹے مکانوں کو دیکھتے ہوئے اپنے گاؤں کے کھلے گھر اور گوبر کی بدبوئیں یاد آتی ہیں۔
’’خس وخاشاک زمانے ‘‘کو پاکستان کی ایک ایسی کہانی کہا جاسکتا ہے کہ جو معاشرے کی تہذیبی واخلاقی اقدار اور پھر معاشرے میں بدلتے ہوئے اخلاقی رویوں کو بیان کرتی ہے۔ ناول میں دو خاندانوں کی کہانی کو بیان کیا گیا ہے جس کو موضوع بناتے ہوئے اس نے ان حقائق سے پردہ اٹھایا ہے جن پر بات کرنا معیوب سمجھا جاتا ہے۔کہانی نسلوں پر پھیلی ہوئی ایک داستان کی...
The Economic system ofIslam is very balanced one. Islam does not deprive a person to take benefit of all halal (permissible) things, while it has banned all illegal means of earning like deceit, corruption, gambling, etc. Among all evils, interest/usury is the worst form of earning and those who are involved in transactions based on it, they have been threatened with hell. While on the other hand, in most banks and other financial institutions, transactions are carried out on the basis ofinterest. This is why Muslim scholars worked out alternative modes based on Islamic financing to replace interest-based transactions. In this article six modes of financing i. e. Musharakah. , Mudharabah, Murabahah, Ijarah, Salam and Istisnah have been discussed. If these Islamic inodes of financing are adopted in banking sector and in otherfinancial institutions, then it is hoped that in a very short span of time elimination ofriba would be possible.
This study was designed to find the comparative effects of teaching Physics through inquiry method, and traditional lecture method, and analyze effects of these methods on Grade 9 students’ attitude towards Physics. The objectives of the study were (a) to find the effectiveness of teaching Physics to Grade 9 through inquiry teaching method (ITM) on academic achievement of male and female students, (b) to find the effectiveness of teaching of Physics to Grade 9 through traditional teaching lecture method (TTLM) on academic achievement of male and female students, (c) to find comparative effectiveness of teaching Physics to Grade 9 through inquiry teaching (ITM) and traditional teaching lecture method (TTLM) on academic achievement of male and female students,(d) to find comparative effectiveness of inquiry teaching method (ITM) and traditional teaching lecture method (TTLM) in teaching of Physics to Grade 9,(e) to find the attitude towards Physics of male and female students in the teaching of Physics through inquiry teaching method (ITM), (f) to find attitude towards Physics of male and female students in the teaching of Physics through traditional teaching lecture method (TTLM) and (g) to find the attitude towards Physics for Grade 9 of male and female students in the teaching of Physics through inquiry teaching method (ITM) and traditional teaching lecture method (TTLM).Fifty four (54) null hypotheses were tested in order to achieve the objectives. Two hundred and forty (240) science students (120 male and 120 female) of Grade 9, from four schools were constituted as sample of the study. Students of each school were divided into two equivalent groups i.e. control and experimental group on the basis of Pre-test of (academic achievement and attitude toward Physics). Experimental groups were taught through inquiry method and control groups by traditional lecture method for twenty two weeks. Post-test of academic achievements, and Pre-test of attitude toward Physics, were administered after treatment to assess the difference in performance of all groups. The data obtained were tabulated and analyzed to compute mean, standard deviation and t-value. The data collected by Pre-test of academic achievement, Post-test academic achievement, Pre-test of attitude towards Physics and Post-test of attitude towards Physics were analyzed through SPSS 16.0 software; t-test was applied to test null hypotheses at significance level(0.05). The performance of the experimental group on Post-test of academic achievement, and Post-test attitude towards Physics were significantly more effective, than Pre-test of academic achievement, Pre- test of attitude towards Physics and the control groups, this proves that inquiry teaching method is more effective, than the traditional lecture method in learning Physics. Performance of experimental group (boys) was better than the experimental group (girls) in all learning domains and attitude towards Physics. On the basis of findings, conclusions were drawn and recommendations were made accordingly.