Technical Terms Used in General English Textbooks Across Disciplines

The study aimed to analyze lexical items underpinned in the textbooks used in the current teaching of ESP and GE. Using content analysis, a systematic evaluation of texts to examine nuances to bridge the gap between quantitative and qualitative data. This was such of importance, however, difficult to study due to issues of interest like in the study, frequency of lexical items in ESP, and GE textbooks. Results found 13,713 lexical items in Hospitality Management, 17,561 in Criminology, 4576 in Tourism, 7167 in Marine Engineering, and 512 in Information Technology. Furthermore, the overall percentage of ESP lexical items fell in Tier 2 (with multiple-meaning while the least was in Tier 3, specifically on context-specific vocabulary. It is the core of vocabulary learning to ensure English language teaching. It is its goal to help learners better understand language, allowing them to understand others as they want to express themselves as well. This applies not only in speaking but also in writing and reading. Wilkins (1972, p. 111-112) stated that without grammar very little understanding can be acquired and without vocabulary there can be no learning at all. Thus, even without good grammar, so long as you equipped with useful words and expression, one can still manage to communicate. Lewis (1993) argued that “lexis is the heart of language” and that it develops a better fluency and expression in English. He also added the significance to the learners of acquiring a more productive vocabulary knowledge, also, their eagerness to develop their own personal vocabulary strategies. Thus, a proposed bridge model program was recommended to highlight the study findings using the lexicons found from the different respective courses.

Association Analysis of Ldl-Cholesterol With Celsr2, Apoe and Apob Genes Through Arms-Pcr

Dyslipidemia is term to demonstrate the abnormal lipid metabolism that may lead to cardiovascular diseases.Several variants have been already reported to be associated with abnormal lipid metabolism. Four different variants CELSR2 (rs629301), APOE (rs429358 & rs7412) and APOB (rs1367117) were analyzed by Tetra Primer-Amplification Refractory Mutation System Polymerase Chain Reaction (T-ARMS PCR).This technique uses an approach that in addition to amplifying the control fragment (which surrounds the allele of interest), the mismatch, at the point of SNP on allele, on 3? terminus in additional inner primers makes these primers specific to one allele and refractory to other one. An additional mismatch near the 3? terminus of the inner primers strengthen the allele specificity. An amplicon is produced or not produced, in this condition, thus demonstrate the genotype of the subject. Though the optimization and development of T-ARMS PCR was difficult and time consuming but the method allows to genotype the specific variant and was validated by Sanger Sequencing method. As with other techniques, this technique has also its advantages and disadvantages.Variants having high GC content cannot be genotyped because of having high melting temperature and therefore formation of stable secondary structures thereby halting the amplification procedure even when organic additives were added. Therefore T-ARMS assay could not be developed for APOE (rs429358 & rs7412) variants. The second part of the study was to find the association analysis of the selected variants. T-ARMS PCR assay was developed for the CELSR2 (rs629301) and APOB (rs1367117) variants. Individuals having normal and abnormal lipid profiles (n=25 each) were examined for association analysis. Genotype distribution were found to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Chi square test indicates the significant association for both variants. Large scale genotyping approach can be employed for other along with these variants by using plate-based heat-block on PCR machine. As T-ARMS PCR Technique is robust and cost-effective, early risk detection can save the time window of treatment and would ultimately enhance the life expectancy of the patients suffering from dyslipidemia.