ISOMERISM: IS THERE MISCONCEPTION?

Nine articles have been analyzed containing research results on misconceptions about isomerism. Analysis was conducted to examine the potential to causes emergence of the misconception. The analysis result are expected to be useful for teachers in learning for the same concepts. At least the teacher can avoid misconceptions that have happened before and innovate to find the right learning strategy. Isomerism can be categorized as a defined concept so that students are expected to be able to use rules for the purpose of classifying objects or events. The analysis showed 31 misconceptions experienced by grade 11 students to prospective chemistry teachers on isomerism concept. Thirty-one misconceptions are classified into three groups based on students' abilities needed to understand the concept of isomerism. The three groups are: (1) understanding the definition and application of rules; (2) spatial understanding; and (3) microscopic understanding. At this time only eleven misunderstandings were discussed, namely misunderstandings whose causes belong to the group (1). As an indicator caused misconception is inability of the sample to classify objects/events based on the attributes or characters indicated by the object/event. To teach a defined concept, it is recommended to use a strategy that contains detailed explanatory definitions and rules, examples and non-examples, and the elaboration process. In order to increase student reasoning, it is recommended to use a isomerism concept logic scheme

Boundary Layer Flows and Heat Transfer of Cross Fluid

The study of generalized Newtonian fluid (GNF) is a topic of practical interest in fluid mechanics. The GNF is non-Newtonian in nature, although its constitutive equation is generalized form of Newtonian fluid. Researchers are devoting their studies to explore different subclasses of GNF. Despite of the abundant research work in this field, an important subclass of GNF namely the Cross fluid has not been given due attention. The objective of this research work is to concentrate on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of Cross fluid. The inaugural work has been presented in this thesis by bestowing the boundary layer equations of Cross fluid in different coordinate systems. This has opened new doors for researchers to carry out further research in this direction. In this thesis, a theoretical study is done to explore the flow and heat transfer characteristics of Cross fluid. The reported work presents the modelling of the boundary layer equations of GNF using the Cross viscosity model and further bestows the numerical solution regarding these equations. The current research work covers the flow of Cross fluid past a planer as well as radially stretching sheet and stretching cylinder. Moreover, investigations are done on the mixed convection flow, Falkner-skan flow, nano boundary layer flow and stagnation point flow of Cross fluid. Several effects are taken into consideration including the impact of activation energy, melting phenomenon, linear and non-linear radiation, heat generation/absorption, multiple slip effects, variable thermal conductivity, Newtonian heat and mass conditions. The modelled problems are numerically handled by two numerical techniques namely the shooting method and bvp4c in MATLAB. The results presented in this thesis are verified by making comparison with already available results in literature for reduced cases and excellent compatibility is achieved. From the obtained results, it is observed from that the progressive value of the local Weissenberg number reduces the velocity distribution while the temperature of the fluid rises. However, quite an opposite trend is exhibited by velocity and temperature profiles for growing values of the power-law index.