پاكستان ميں رائج نظام احتساب

Islam is a complete and perfect code of life. We find guidance from Islam on any aspect of life. This study aims to explore the evaluation of existing audit system in Islamic perspective. The study indicates the gaps and challenges in audit system keeping in view Islamic laws and principles. The study is qualitative in nature. Relevant documents have been analyzed keeping in view objectives of the study. Thematic content analysis has been used for the analysis of collected data. The study is significant for the researchers, policy makers and audit experts. Recommendation of the study are beneficial particularly for the Audit Department to overcome the existing gaps and challenges.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyurethane Acrylate Copolymers

In this modern era, a world without synthetic polymers is incredible. In spectacle of rapidly depleting natural resources, synthetic polymers have become an elegant alternative. Polyurethanes are one of these, that have been developed as an exclusive class of polymers with wide variety of applications in foams, elastomers, coatings, sealants, textile finishing, automotive, insulation and footwear industries. Polyurethane based coating systems have a proven record in the coatings industry dominating the market in some applications because they exhibit a high level of quality. These coatings allow high variability of the property profile and can be fitted for a specific application by changing, the chemical structure of the constituents or the molecular weight and degree of branching of the chains. Polyurethane coatings are in general more expensive. Polyurethane chemistry permits the amalgamation of functional groups which can be used to modify properties. To take advantage of polyurethane film-forming properties, a combination with cheaper materials is now a common practice in the coating market, leading to new different products. Of the most popular second components, one is the acrylic dispersion and the new product combines the excellent mechanical and chemical properties of the polyurethane resin with the low price of the acrylic component. In current project polyurethane coatings were prepared by the copolymerization of polyurethane with the butyl acrylate. Different series of polyurethane acrylate copolymers containing different monomeric constituents i.e. diisocyanates and polyols, in different proportions with butyl acrylate were synthesized by emulsion polymerization and characterized successfully. The synthesis of these copolymers was completed in three steps i.e. synthesis of polyurethane prepolymers, introduction of unsaturated sites at the free reactive ends of polyurethane prepolymers and copolymerization of vinyl terminated polyurethane prepolymers with n-butyl acrylate. Also, these copolymers were applied on textile fabric as finishing agent and their effect was assessed by different standard textile tests.