باراں ماہ
(باراں ماہ ہک بیت وچ)
چیتر چائ، وساکھ نوں وس کوئی نہ، جیٹھ جان ہاری وچ ہاڑیاں دے
ہڑاں ہاڑ آئیاں، ساون سانجھ کوئی نہ، بھادوں بھاہ ہوئے ہجر ساڑیاں دے
اسوج آس مکی، کتیں کار بھلے، مگھر ماری گئی وچ پواڑیاں دے
پوہ پیش آئیاں ماگھ مصیبتاں نی، پھگن پھٹ حنیف کوہاڑیاں دے
Moral values are seen as the basis of human civilization. Absence of moral values and responsibilities results in the justification of every evil in the society, as it is the case being observed in the present-day societies in many parts of the world. A nation, whose collective morals are high, is capable to lead other nations, irrespective of caste, creed and religious affiliations. If a nation, Muslim or non-Muslim, ignores the high moral values, it cannot avoid its decadence and destruction. Due to this utmost importance of morality for humanity, Islām regards morality as one of the integral parts of the Divine Revelation. Islām aims to create a sense of moral responsibility in its adherents, so that, they may show a complete picture of an ideal society, and enjoy their freedom to carry out the best possible moral deeds. The author of this paper, chose to study the present moral crisis in the Pakistani society and tried to determine the causes, which has brought about this moral crisis and also presents its cure in the light of the Qur’ān and Sunnah. The study focuses on the following aspects: Definitions of moral values & society, Prevalent social evils in our society, Causes of crimes and social evils, Remedies to root out unethical practices and evils from the society, Conclusion and recommendations.
Biological sequences consist of A C G and T in a DNA structure and contain vital information of living organisms. This information is used in many applications such as drug design, microarray analysis and phylogenetic trees. Advances in computing technologies, specifically Next Generation Sequencing technologies have increased genomic data at a rapid rate. The increase in genomic data presents significant research challenges in bioinformatics, such as sequence alignment, short read error correction, phylogenetic inference etc. Various tools and algorithms have been proposed for phylogenetic inference. Early algorithms used sequential programs to solve the problem of phylogenetic inference. Improvements were gained in terms of tree accuracy and execution time, however; the programs were still slow, and improvements were needed to infer correct phylogeny in short times. This challenge introduced parallel and distributed processing to the field of bioinformatics. Many tools and programs have been developed based on parallel and distributed computing. This thesis presents algorithmic solutions for phylogenetic inference. Solutions include ‘PhyloDoop’ and ‘SeqCompress’ algorithms. PhyloDoop algorithm is used for inference of phylogenetic trees. The algorithm is based on Maximum Likelihood method, implemented on Hadoop Map/Reduce framework. PhyloDoop is based on clusters i.e. divides the input alignment to clusters, builds trees for each cluster, merges and optimizes all sub-trees and the final tree is also optimized. PhyloDoop is compared to well-known algorithms both on real and simulated datasets. Experiments on real datasets were performed to test likelihood values, execution time, and speedup in distributed environment. The results show better accuracy as compared to other algorithms on most of the datasets. Execution time is also short on most datasets. The proposed algorithm yields better speed up on large datasets. Simulated datasets were used to measure topological accuracy. PhyloDoop is topologically accurate on most datasets with short execution time in comparison to other algorithms. SeqCompress is used to compress DNA sequences in order to reduce memory requirements and execution time. Impressive results are shown in comparison to other algorithms. These results show a gap for efficient usage of compression techniques to infer correct phylogeny with low memory requirements as well as execution time.