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Home > Pakistani Society and Challenges of Women Empowerment 1988-2000

Pakistani Society and Challenges of Women Empowerment 1988-2000

Thesis Info

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Author

Amjad. Ali

Program

PhD

Institute

Bahauddin Zakariya University

City

Multan

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Pakistan Studies

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9427/1/Amjad%20Ali-Complete.docx

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724902865

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Pakistani Society has a rigid, male dominated social structure and is divided into rural, urban and suburban areas. In Pakistan gender discrimination is visible in all fields of life. The struggle of women for their rights got a new shape of emergence during the feminist movements in the beginning of 20th century. Then the movement changed into struggle of women empowerment and it took new pace. The word ‘empowerment of women’ has different meanings for different people and its importance varies subject to the social, cultural, political, ideological and geographic scenario with respect to geological areas. Women’s rights were exploited and violated in Pakistan and women in the society raised their voices for change in their lives. In Pakistani patriarchal society, women are restricted in mobility, their participation in paid jobs is limited, and their economic independence is suffering. In a joint family system in Pakistan, women are also not enjoying the same status as that of men and they are considered an entity of second priority. So, there is a need of empowerment of women for elevation of their status in the society and in the family. Due to its importance the empowerment of women is one of the most debatable issues in Pakistan. Pakistan claims a democratic Islamic state. In social sector, especially in education and health, there is gender gap and women in Pakistan are not getting proper share according to their population. Education is an important factor in the empowerment of women but in Pakistan large majority of women is not getting proper education due to the ignorance. Constructed social norms in the society are also big causes of the deprivation of women about their basic rights. In the political field, share of women is low that means the women have limited authority in the process of decision making. Legal system of Pakistan and available land laws are also not sufficient to protect the women’s rights and implementations of these laws are not done judicially. Under these laws and structured norms of the society, women are trying to get space in the available and constructed social structure. All these conditions in Pakistan and deprivation of women in their rights were source of inspiration of this study. Objective of the present study was to find out the possibilities and opportunities for the empowerment of women in Pakistani Society. A survey from all over Pakistan including all provinces and Gilgit Baltistan was conducted. 600 people were included as sample of the study. Objective of the survey was to find the social, political and economical empowerment of women during the era 1988-2000. The instruments of the study comprised a Likert type questionnaire, and documentary analyses of the data of national elections held in 1988, 1990, 1993, and 1997. From data analysis, it was found that during this era women were deprived from their basic rights and they did not have proper position in the society. There was no sex difference in the opinion and both male and female members of the society observed that the level of women empowerment was at low point. In the four general elections held in Pakistan during the period under study women also participated on general seats. Analysis of the study revealed that participation of women in political process was low and was not in accordance with their population. Even the reserved seats for women were abolished during the said period.
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نور حسین نور میواتی

نور حسین نور میواتی(۱۹۴۵ء۔پ) چوہان کی ریاست الور(بھارت) کے علاقہ سپوات میں پیدا ہوئے ۔ قیام پاکستان کے بعد ان کے والدین بھارت سے ہجرت کر کے موضع رام رائیاں تحصیل ڈسکہ میں آباد ہو گئے۔ (۱۰۰۴) نور میواتی نظم گو اور غزل گو شاعرہیں۔ ان کے ہاں روایت اور جدت کا امتزاج ملتا ہے۔ وہ طبقاتی تفاوت کے خلاف اپنی شاعری میں نفرت آمیز احتجاج کی صدا بلند کرتے نظر آتے ہیں۔ ان کے ہاں سیاسی اور سماجی شعور بھی ملتا ہے۔ انھیں بھوک، غربت، جبر ،اقربا پروری اور نا انصافی سے نفرت ہے۔ وہ اپنی شاعری میں ظلم و ستم ،بد امنی ،خوف ،دہشت گردی اور منافقت سے بھر پور استحصالی نظام کے خلاف صدائے احتجاج بلند کرتے نظر آتے ہیں:

رہتے ہیں شب و روز دھماکوں کے جہاں میں

 

ہر صبح نئی آہ و بکا دیکھ رہا ہوں

 

مکتب میں سیاست کی ہوا دیکھ رہا ہوں

 

قانون کو پاؤں میں دبا دیکھ رہا ہوں

 

â۱۰۰۵)

نور میواتی کی شاعری مبالغہ آرائی سے پاک ہے ۔وہ ایک حقیقت پسند انسان اور فنکار ہیں۔ وہ اپنی فن کاری میں حقیقت اور حق گوئی کو نظر انداز نہیں کر تے۔ سچائی اور صداقت ان کی شاعری کی ایک اہم خوبی ہے۔ انسانی زندگی غم اور خوشی کا مجموعہ ہے۔ ایسا نہیں کہ جس کے پاس غم ہے اس کے پاس خوشی نہیں اور ایسا بھی نہیں کہ جس کا دامن خوشیوں سے بھرا ہووہ غم سے دو چار نہیں ہوتا۔ میواتی انسان کی زندگی کی تلخ حقیقت کو جا بجا اپنی شاعری میں بیان کرتے ہیں:

گلوں کے دیس میں کانٹے بھی مہک جاتے ہیں

 

فضائے برق میں غنچے بھی دہک جاتے ہیں

 

â۱۰۰۶)

 

 

 

...

قیام امن کے لئے حضرت عمر فاروق ؓکی خدمات

Peace has great importance both for the individual and the communal life. Wherever peace turned into unrest, the tendencies of social violence, mental sickness and insecurity start developing amongst the people. Peace and harmony were the hallmark of the reign of the 2nd caliph, Haḍrat ‘Umar. He gave the best governing mechanism to the people of Arab, when they were not fully aware of rules & regulation of government. Though the empire was wide spread, he exercised a great sort of command & control on it. He took the responsibility of providing his subjects their basic needs: Food, Shelter, Education, Peace and Justice. This was not only an ideal system of its time but became the role model for the modern welfare state. Peace and harmony is as important for a state as food & air are for life. Allāh has strongly emphasized in The Holy Qur’ān" on two things i. E., "Disharmony & hunger" which should be eliminated from a society. Haḍrat ‘Umer during his reign of 10 years presented Islām as a religion of peace & harmony, a religion, which respects humanity, peacefully resolves disagreements and curtails misuse of power. He himself possessed the qualities of peace & harmony to an utmost level, which were the traits of our Holy Prophet’s (ﷺ) personality. It is important to follow the Khilāphah of Haḍrat ‘Umar to bring peace & justice in the society.

Host and Viral Factors in the Development and Progression of Human Papillomavirus Hpv Induced Cervical Cancer

A wide range of diseases have papillomaviruses (PVs) as their causative agent and human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are behind a great portion of anogenital and some non-genital malignancies worldwide. In Pakistan fewer reports are based on occasional testing from the different regions of the country. Present study investigated incidence and etiological involvement of HPV in cervical cancer in Pakistan. Moreover, prevalence of HPV in other anogenital and non-genital cancers such as breast and lung cancer was also observed in the study subjects. This study also aimed at exploring the functional aspect of HPV E5 oncoprotein. HPV E5 has been documented as a significant player in the productive stage of the viral life cycle and is seen to exert its effect through enhancing the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. In epithelial malignancies such as HPV-positive cervical cancer, EGFR is among the most frequently activated proto oncogenes. Negative regulator of EGFR family include LRIG1 (leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1) which has been recently discovered. Though E5 role in enhancing EGFR signaling is largely documented but all aspects of the receptor signaling have not been taken under consideration such as the possible interplay between E5 and LRIG1 during EGFR signaling. In order to address the possible interplay between viral factor E5 and host factor LRIG1 that may lead to the development of HPV related disease, first role of LRIG1 in cervical cancer cell lines was studied in relation to EGFR. Further, human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) expressing a functional E5 and E5 knockout counterparts were utilized to observe the effect of E5 on LRIG1 and its activity. Following differentiation, HPV18 HFKs began expressing functional E5 in semisolid medium, and a reduction in LRIG1 protein expression was seen as compared to the ABSTRACT xx knockouts suggesting the possible role of E5 in downregulating EGFR negative regulation pathway. Messenger RNA and protein expression analysis confirmed the decrease in LRIG1 expression in accordance with the expression of E5 as well as impact of E5 in delaying differentiation and downregulating LRIG1 at varying levels of differentiation in keratinocytes. It can be speculated that hijacking control from LRIG1, E5 provides that ‘added value’ to the HPV types expressing it. However through co-immuno-precipitation experiment no physical binding between the two proteins which could be responsible for this effect was observed. Thus it may be concluded that E5 way of affecting LRIG1 may not be direct but is potent enough to render the protein incapable of performing its function. Moreover it was seen that by physically blocking tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR, LRIG1 levels were successfully restored in E5 expressing keratinocytes. It also suggests that, if utilized, LRIG1 may act synergistically with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in downregulating EGFR pathway in an HPV infection. In conclusion present study helped us to explore the unaddressed role of HPV E5 in influencing negative regulation of EGFR pathway. Thus, the study provided basis for future studies which may target E5 as an important oncoprotein of HPV and LRIG1 as a tumor suppressor for therapeutic purpose.