ہوئے جد دے یار بیگانے
بنے دشمن کل زمانے
اساں ترس گئے یار ملن نوں
تیری کیوں نہیں ڈھکدی خانے
کتے پھلاں اتے تتلی
کتے شمع تے پروانے
عشق کیتا زور زلیخا
ونڈ دتے مال خزانے
گئے تارے منہ لکا کے
چن چڑھیا جد آسمانے
سنگ جس دی عمراں گزری
اجے غیر ہیں اس دے بھانے
کرو رحمت یا محمدؐ
تیرے امتی سب دیوانے
بھانویں ہائی زلیخا جھوٹی
گئے یوسف بندی خانے
کیوں نیوں اجیہا لایا
مینوں دنیا دیندی طعنے
کئی بے گناہ وچ جیلاں
کئی بے گناہ وچ تھانے
اوہدی پلکاں وانگر سوئیاں
جیویں چڑھیا تیر کمانے
اوہ بے پرواہ کہاوے
جیہڑا مالک کل جہانے
Background and Aim: In today sports such as volleyball and basketball, Vertical Jump is considered as important component that enhance the performance of athlete. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of muscle energy technique on vertical jump performance in volleyball and basketball players.
Methodology: This Randomized Clinical Trial was conducted at Islamic International University Islamabad. Twenty-nine athletes of age 18 – 35 playing basketball and volley as part time/domestic level were included. Post isometric relaxation technique was applied on group A (n=15) and static stretching was applied on group B (n=14). Surface electromyography activity of quadriceps and abdominal muscle was recorded, Stable time, airtime and vertical jump height were measured using two-axis force platform and vertical jump height was measured by motion sensor. Measurements were taken at baseline and immediately after applying interventions to both groups. Data entry and analysis were done by using software SPSS version 22.
Results: Of the 29 athletes, 15 were in the group A and 14 were in the group B. Immediate assessment of vertical jump height was not significantly improved by post-isometric relaxation relative to static stretching (p=0.594). Muscle recruitment, ground reaction and vertical jump height improved apparently after post isometric relaxation but not significantly.
Conclusion: It appears that post isometric relaxation and static stretching of quadriceps shows no significant difference in vertical jump height.
Modelling and simulation of molecular systems helps in understanding the behavioural mechanism of biological regulation. Time delays in production and degradation of expressions are important parameters in biological regulation. Constraints on time delays provide insight into the dynamical behaviour of a Biological Regulatory Network (BRN). A recently introduced Process Hitting (PH) Framework has been found efficient in static analysis of large BRNs, however, it lacks the inference of time delays and thus determination of the constraints associated with the evolution of expression levels of biological entities of BRN is not possible. In this thesis, we propose a Hybrid Process Hitting scheme for introducing time delays in Process Hitting Framework for dynamical modelling and analysis of Large Biological Regulatory Networks. It will provide valuable insights into the time delays corresponding to the changes in the expression levels of biological entities thus possibly helping in identification of therapeutic targets. The proposed framework is applied to a well-known BRNs of Bacteriophage λ and ERBB Receptor-regulated G1/S transition involved in the breast cancer to demonstrate the viability of our approach. Using the proposed approach, it was possible to perform goal-oriented reduction of the BRN and also determine the constraints on time delays characterizing the evolution (dynamics) of the reduced BRN. The proposed Hybrid Process Hitting methodology is applied to a considerably large BRN of Apoptosis Pathway comprising of 90 entities for obtaining the dynamical properties of this pathway. The determination of constraints on time delays corresponding to the evolution of entities for the reduced BRN (entities involving feedbacks) was successfully computed using the new methodology. The chemical reactions as well as the biological interactions are all stochastic in nature and could, therefore, assume any rate of change within the range of delays determined through Hybrid Modeling. The same has thus been extended to Stochastic Modeling using Stochastic Petri Nets (SPNs) in which the random delay in firing of the transitions aptly captures the stochastic behaviour of changes in expression levels of genes. The proposed scheme was found to be more efficient than existing methodology and less computationally intensive. It was applied to the mucus production in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa BRN and results obtained from Stochastic Petri Nets are in agreement with the Hybrid Modeling results which establishes the accuracy of this approach as well as provide more insight in the dynamical behaviour of BRNs through simulation.