پاکستانی معاشرے میں مذہبی تقلید کا بہت زیادہ رواج ہے ۔ شریعت مطہرہ نے اجتہاد کا دروازہ قیامت تک کے لیے کھلا رکھا ہے اور مجتہد کے لیے اجر کا فیصلہ تو ہر صورت میں موجود ہے۔ ہم جب فقہ اسلامی کا مطالعہ کرتے ہیں تو واضح طور پر یہ نظر آتا ہے کہ متقدمین کے فیصلوں سے متاخرین نے اختلاف بھی کیا ہے اور اسے غلط روش بھی نہیں سمجھا گیا۔ حالات اورعرف کے مطابق فیصلوں میں تبدیلی کی گنجائش بہر حال موجود رہتی ہے، لیکن ہمارے ہاں اسے گناہ یا گناہ جیسا تصور کیا جاتاہے۔ لہذا اس امر کی اشد ضرورت ہے کہ حالات کے تناظر میں فقہی جمود سے پہلوتہی اختیار کرتے ہوئے فقہ المقارن سے استفادہ کرکے امت کو آسانی کی طرف لایا جائے ۔اس طرح سے کی جانے والی قانون سازی سے مجرموں کو سزا ہر صورت میں ملے گی۔ یہ اندھی تقلید شرعی سزاؤں میں معاون نہیں ہوتی بلکہ یہ حدود کے فیصلوں کو شبہ کی بنا پر تعزیرات کی طرف لے جانے کا سبب بن رہی ہیں ۔
The traditional fiscal decentralization theorem claims that decentralized government can provide the goods and services at local level more efficiently. However, empirically it is still to explore that how fiscal decentralization affects gender parity. This study empirically investigates the impact of fiscal decentralization on gender parity in developing economies of Asia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz, Mongolia, Myanmar, Thailand and Turkey. The study used dynamic penal da ta technique namely system GMM over the period of 2006-2020. The multidimensionality of fiscal decentralization is captured through three measures of fiscal decentralization i.e. Expenditure decentralization, revenue decentralization and composite decentralization. Further, it also examines the complementarity between fiscal decentralization and control of corruption to increase the gender parity. The results of the analysis show that expenditure decentralization is increasing the gender parity in developing economies of Asia. Additionally, control of corruption is a necessary reform to get the desired fruits of fiscal decentralization. Countries must focus on corruption aspect of local governments in implementing the expenditure, revenue and composite decentralization.
In Salt Range and Trans Indus Range (Pakistan), field observations in Jutana Formation (Cambrian) exhibits two main sub-divisions which includes; (i) the lower oolitic-pisolitic unit and (ii) upper massive dolomite unit. In the lower unit, dolostones containing ooids/pisoids and faunal assemblages are interlayered with whitish grey sandstone with distinct depositional sedimentary features (i.e., ripple marks, trough-, herring bone- and hummocky-cross bedding). The upper dolostone unit consists of thick bedded to massive dolostone. These two units are separated by shale beds. Detail microscopic studies identified three distinct diagenetic phases containing; (i) fine crystalline dolomite (Dol. I), (ii) medium-coarse crystalline dolomite (Dol. II) and, (iii) fracture associated, coarse crystalline dolomite (Dol. III). Mineralogical analysis, which include X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis identified the concentration of dolomite and quartz mainly in the studied formation. Based on stoichiometric calculations, dolomites of Jutana Formation are classified into two groups; fine crystalline dolomite (Dol. I), exhibits non-stoichiometric low ordered dolomites, while medium-coarse crystalline dolomite (Dol. II) and, (iii) fracture associated, coarse crystalline dolomite (Dol. III) are identified as stoichiometric ordered dolomites. Major and trace elemental studies exhibits high concentrations of Sr and Na with comparatively low values of Mn and Fe for Dol. I, whereas Dol. II and Dol. III represents high Mn and Fe contents with low Na and Sr concentration. Stable isotopes ( 18O) signatures denotes low values in fine crystalline dolomite (Dol. I). Furthermore, medium-coarse crystalline dolomite (Dol. II) and, (iii) fracture associated, coarse crystalline dolomite (Dol. III) represents high and more depleted values respectively. In addition, 13C values of fine crystalline dolomite (Dol. I), mediumcoarse crystalline dolomite (Dol. II) and fracture associated, coarse crystalline dolomite (Dol. III) lie in the range of marine signatures. Results of strontium isotopes lies above its original marine signatures indicating interaction with radiogenic lithologies. Magnesium 25 26Mg) result elucidates altered marine (mixing zone) and hydrothermal dolomitization origin for these dolomites.In conclusion, above mentioned studies demonstrated that dolomites of Jutana Formation are formed in multi stages i.e. initially in mixing zone near surface shallow condition followed by hydrothermal dolomitization in intermediate to deep burial environmental setting in later stages.