Post-Covid 19, Online consumer purchase behavior in Pakistan

Since Covid-19, there has been a rise in e-commerce and online brands' influence on consumer buying behavior. It is crucial to investigate the factors that impact online consumer purchase behavior. Applying the theory of reasoned action (TRA), our study seeks to assess the extent to which customer satisfaction and perceived risks build trust and how trust, consumer engagement, and ease of purchase would act as reasons for consumers to engage in e-commerce in Pakistan. Using data gathered from 400 respondents via a questionnaire, we have demonstrated the precise relationship between these six constructs. Results indicate that customer satisfaction positively influences trust while perceived risks negatively affect it and that trust and consumer engagement positively and directly impact purchase behavior. Online retailers should improve these factors and modify the online environment to increase sales from their e-channels and improve customer retention

Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Croton Bonplandianum Euphorbiaceae

The research work was carried out for the phytochemical and biological studies of Croton bonplandianum (Euphorbiaceae). Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids while anthraquinone glycosides and cardiac glycosides were absent. The extraction of dried plant material was affected by dichloromethane and methanol successively. Both dichloromethane and methanol extracts were subjected to biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, α-chymotrypsin inhibitory, urease inhibitory, α-glucosidase inhibitory and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities along with brine-shrimp toxicity, phytotoxicity against Lemna minor. Dichloromethane extract has shown in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of 97.89 % with IC50 value of 14.93 μg/ml compared to the standard acarbose, which exhibited 92.23 % inhibition with IC50 value of 38.25 μg/ml. Methanol extract appeared with potent butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of 84.14 % with IC50 found to be 31.01 μg/ml compared to the standard eserine, which exhibited 82.82 % inhibition with IC50 value of 30.01 μg/ml. Methanol extract was found toxic with LD50 value of 115.76 (0.0048 - 13.76) μg/ml against Artemia salina and also showed radical scavenging activity (%RSA) of 59.62% with IC50 value of 396.20 μg/ml . Based on these results activity guided isolation of constituents from dichloromethane and methanol extracts were done. Fractionation of dichloromethane extract by column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH 20 using different mobile phase systems led to the purification of compounds (A-I). The structures of these isolated compounds were established by spectroscopic technique such as UV and IR spectroscopy. Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), 13C NMR and Mass spectrophotometry (EIMS, HRMS) were used for elucidation of structure. On the basis of physical and spectral data from literature, these compounds were identified as n-pentacosanyln- nonadeca-7′-en-9′-α-ol-1′-oate (A), n-tridecanyl n-octadec-9,12-dienoate (B), nonacosyl hexadecanoate (C), heptacosanoic acid (D), 1,3,5-trihydroxy-2-hexadecanoylamino-(6e,9e)- heptacosdiene (E), coumarin (F), betulin (G), stigmasterol (H), and 3,5-dimethoxy 4-hydroxy cinnamic acid (I) were isolated. All these compounds were screened for in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, compound F, G and I possessed significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in a concentration-dependent manner and explained more potent inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 23.0 to 26.7 μg/ml than that of a positive control acarbose (IC50, 38.2 6 μg/ml). Fractionation of methanol extract by column chromatography on silica gel using different mobile phase system afforded five compounds (J-N). Based on spectral data the chemical structure has been established as 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid (J), 5,8- dihydroxycoumarin (K), stigmasterol 3-O- β -D-glucoside (L), sparsifol (M) and 6-O-β-Dglucopyranosyl- β-D-(1-O-sinapoyl,6''-O-sinapoyl)-glucopyranose (N) were isolated from methanol extract of Croton bonplandianum. The compounds J, K, L and N exhibited significant butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in a concentration-dependent manner and exhibited potent inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 21.0 to 36.0 μg/ml, than that of a positive control eserine (IC50, 32.0 μg/ml).