البعد الأخلاقي في سياسة الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم

The Arab’s tribes were diverse and were scattered all over Arabia. They were alien to any system, were unfamiliar of any rules and regulations. When the prophet PBUH came to them, He gently handled them, made them lenient, gathered them at the one true platform and eventually he was succeeded in uplifting them into the bondage of brotherhood. He guided them towards the political structure so that they can live under its shadow and follow its rules and regulations. He trained amongst them Preachers, judges, leaders and politicians. He sent his messengers to all the rulers of the worlds. These messengers were able to shake the Persians and Roman thrones which were considered the greatest empires of that time. They all got united against this newly arising force which later brought the greatest revolution in the history of humankind. The solutions presented by the Prophet PBUH while confronting the challenges in spreading his message,  enjoy the political wit, which is considered far better than the wit of political scholars and political tycoons. His ability of prior reading of the incidents, uncovers his huge potential in his prior dealing of the matters and suggesting its solutions and substitutes. His policies played a vital role in establishing the prior relations with Njashi, and later to facilitate the Muslims during their first immigration towards Abyssinia from the cruelty of the idolaters. Moreover, He chose the best time for the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and Conquest of Mecca. He chose among his companions the one who knew the International languages and sent them as his Ambassadors to the rulers and tribal chiefs along with his written or verbal messages. He addressed the each with the method appropriate to him and suited him the best. He made best use of alliance, as he alienated the Arab tribes, from Jews and the others. In this way he was able to take a huge time to concentrate on those nations and was able to make a lot of allies. In his internal policy matters, he always tried to solve his problems, developing the society and to sabotage the malicious intentions which were planned by hypocrites, who were considered as his most dangerous enemies. His policy towards them was to admit apparently and leaving their unrevealed intentions to ALLAH. He treated them well, because he was anxious on preserving the freedom of all and the unity among his companions. When their malicious intentions started turning to become a threat to the security of Islam and started harming the interests of the society, He had not reply them strongly and dissuasively. He demolished the Mosque through which they were planning to harm the Muslim community. Moreover, he drew a line to their plans of aggression without harming anyone. He was very witty in his policies through which he was able to defeat them in the end. In this way he was able to change the course of the whole history on mankind. In this research we will try to deal with his moral wit which is considered the main characteristic of his policy.

A Framework for Software Defect Prediction Using Ensemble Learning

The development of high-quality software at lower cost has always been the main concern of the developers as well as of the users. Eliminating the defects in software at the initial development stage can increase quality and reduce the overall cost. Testing only those modules which are likely to be defective are helpful for development team to manage and use resources effectively. Many machine learning-based frameworks have been proposed for the prediction of software defects in initial development stage however accuracy evaluation of proposed techniques on benchmark datasets was lacked. In this research, we proposed a framework for the prediction of software defects using ensemble learning and feature selection techniques by using WEKA. The accuracy of the proposed model has been evaluated by using publicly available cleaned NASA datasets. Moreover, the results have been compared with the widely used advanced classification techniques. The Proposed framework consists of five stages. First stage is dealing with the extraction of relevant dataset. Second stage is dealing with variants of base classifiers and selection. The base classifiers include: ?Decision Tree (DT), K-nearest neighbor (kNN), Naive Bayes (NB), Random forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM)?. Pre-processing and feature selection have been done in third stage. In fourth stage, we used stacking technique to create an ensemble of the classifier-variants, which have performed well in third stage. Fifth stage deals with the results and performance evaluation by using different measures including: ?Precision, Recall, F-measure, Accuracy, MCC and ROC?.