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Home > The American Novel and the Question of Womens Equality in the Late 19Th Century

The American Novel and the Question of Womens Equality in the Late 19Th Century

Thesis Info

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Author

Imran Ali

Program

PhD

Institute

Quaid-I-Azam University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

American Studies

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11706/1/Imran%20Ali_America%20Studies_2019_QAU_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725074497

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The study explores the question of women’s equality in the late 19th-century American novel and society through the lenses of New Historicism, Reader Response (Reception History), and (American) Feminism. From the vast world of American literature, the study focuses on four American novelists: Louisa May Alcott, Henry James, Kate Chopin, and Theodore Dreiser, specifically on their magnum opuses–Little Women, The Portrait of a Lady, The Awakening, and Sister Carrie– that address the question of women’s equality from many nuanced angles. Primarily, the study hinges on how the four writers, who were already grappling with the emergent feminist movement, were influenced by injustices to women. These writers were inspired to shape their novels to both reflect and critique Victorian constraints on women. After considering the lukewarm public responses to the universal theme of these authors, the study gauges how these novels contributed to changing the position of American women in terms of social, personal, sexual, economic, and political equality inlate 19th-and early 20th-century. Collectively, the four novels, step-by-step, advance/d the cause of women’s equality as the literary progenitors of American Feminism with their protagonists'' multi-faceted notions of liberty, contributing their share in laying the base for the upcoming waves of Feminism. Literary pieces like these have helped transform American social institutions, making America the capital of global attention for women’s rights. Like the 19th-century critics, modern-day readers feel that these novels illustrate a powerful call for women’s equality both inside and outside the U.S. Finally, these novels could inspire (literary) writers in Pakistan— particularly in Pashtun belt, where women''s lack of equal rights is the most burning and critical issue—to address women’s rights as a means to create a fertile ground for gender equality.
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شیخ نذیر حسین

شیخ نذیر حسین
(ڈاکٹر محمود الحسن عارف)
’’محترم شیخ نذیر حسین صاحب بڑے عالم و محقق اور علم و فن کے قدرداں تھے، ’’معارف‘‘ ان کا محبوب رسالہ تھا، اگر ان کی کوئی چیز تیار ہوجاتی تو اس میں اشاعت کے لیے بھیجتے، معارف میں کوئی مسامحت اور فروگذاشت ہوجاتی تو فوراً توجہ دلاتے، ایسے صاحب نظر اور دیدہ ور لوگ اب عنقا ہوگئے ہیں، جب تک وہ اچھے تھے شاید ہی کوئی مہینہ ناغہ جاتا ہو کہ ان کا خط نہ آتا ہو، ادہر علالت کی وجہ سے جب ان کے خطوط آنے بند ہوئے تو میں نے شعبہ اردو، دائرہ معارف اسلامیہ لاہور کو متعدد خطوط لکھے مگر ایک خط کا بھی جواب نہیں آیا کہ دفعتہ ۲۲؍ اکتوبر کو یہ تحریر اور منسلک خط موصول ہوا تو دھک سے رہ گیا، قارئین معارف سے درخواست ہے کہ ان کے لیے دعائے مغفرت کریں!
ربنا اغفرلنا ولا خواننا الذین سبقونا بالایمان۔ ‘‘[الحشر:۱۰] (ض)
پانچ سوا پانچ فٹ منحنی سا جسم، ابرؤوں کے بال موٹے اور بے ترتیب، کلین شیو، چہرہ اور کمر قدرے خمیدہ․․․․․․ یہ تمام باتیں ذہن میں رکھیں تو اس سے فوراً شیخ نذیر حسین صاحب کی شکل و صورت ذہن میں آتی ہے․․․․․․ وہ اپنی وضع قطع اور چہرے مہرے سے قطعاً کوئی عالمِ دین یا اسکالر نظر نہیں آتے تھے، بلکہ ایک عام سے فرد دکھائی دیتے تھے۔
۷۰؁ء کی دہائی کے آخری سالوں میں جب میں اردو دائرہ معارف اسلامیہ میں پہلے پہل آیا․․․․․․ تو میں نے ڈاکٹر سید عبداﷲ، پروفیسر سید امجد الطاف، پروفیسر عبدالقیوم کے ساتھ مذکورہ بالا․․․․․․ چہرے مہرے کے ایک شخص․․․․․․ کو دیکھا تو مجھے ان کی وضع قطع کی بنا پر تعجب ہوا کہ یہ کون صاحب ہیں، پھر مجھ پر منکشف ہوا کہ یہ تو اردو دائرہ معارف اسلامیہ کے مدیر شیخ نذیر حسین...

FREQUENCY OF TIBIA VARA AMONG OBESE ADOLESCENTS: DESCRIPTIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Background of the study: Tibia Vara is defined as a growth abnormality which leads to Varus malalignment of the lower limb. It is caused by excessive loading on the medial part of proximal tibia. Progressive Tibia Vara can result in a bowleg deformity which is most noticeable in posteromedial part of upper tibial physis. Other than that, it gives rise to in toeing of feet and lateral knee thrust, altering the normal biomechanics of an individual. This study aim to determine the frequency of Tibia Vara among obese adolescents (13-18years). Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done using non probability convenient sampling. Total 214 obese adolescents of age range 13 to 18 years were recruited from different parks and schools of Lahore. Adolescents with BMI less than 30 and with history of fracture or dislocation in the lower limb were excluded from the study. Manual goniometer was used to assess tibia vara in obese adolescent which had an intra-rater reliability of 0.75. Results: Out of 214 obese adolescents, 128 were male and 86 were female. The percentage of Tibia Vara in this population was found to be 38% (n= 82). Whereas; on the basis of gender, male participants presenting with Tibia vara was found to be 26% (n= 56) and the percentage of females reported with Tibia vara was only 12% (n= 26). Conclusion: Tibia vara had been reported in 38% of the obese adolescents in Lahore, Pakistan. Whereas, on the basis of gender most frequently tibia vara was reported among male participants.

Drug Induced Developmental Defects of Teeth

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of commonly used drugs on the dental tissues. The dental tissues are sensitive to certain drugs if they are used by the conceiving mothers for a prolonged period of time during pregnancy. Some commonly used drugs were selected for this study e.g. aspirin, estrogen and lithium, which have been reported to affect the human tissues in intrauterine life, if used by the mothers. The study was conducted on the female rabbits. The experimental animals were divided into four groups, each of which having (n=7) subjects. Three of them for the study of drug treatments and the fourth one was taken as a control. Drugs were given with the predetermined doses according to their body weights, until the birth of their offsprings. The offsprings of these rabbits were used for the research purposes. Different parameters e.g. the variation in the size of the teeth, the contents and composition of mineral in the outer dental tissue i.e. enamel, and the ultrastructural changes of the enamel surfaces of teeth, investigated by SEM were included in the study. Analysis of teeth was done at the age of three months to examine the congenital defects developed during intrauterine life. Volumetric analysis was done on 672 samples before the extraction of teeth. The teeth were then extracted to analyze 336 samples for the mineral contents and to study the surface structure of enamel with the help of scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). A very large variation was observed in the results, within the samples, between the control and the experimental groups, from either the chemical analysis or the volumetric measurements. It was observed that the incisors and molars were esthetically and functionally the compromised teeth. It was apparent that the statistically significant results could not be achieved which have overshadowed the aggregate differences between the groups. However this study could help to establish the association of chronic use of certain drugs with the developmental anomalies of dental tissues. It may also guide the future investigators to work on the interaction of drug related factors in pathogenesis of different pathologies. It could possibly be helpful to achieve the aesthetic and functional goals in the field of dentistry. The study was expected to provide suggestions for the use of certain drugs during pregnancy and new leads for further research.