Awareness and Accessibility of Right to Information Act: A Comparative Study of Minorities within Pakistan and India

Right to Information (RTI) has become one of the major laws to strengthen the democracy of a country. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the awareness and accessibility of RTI for minorities in Pakistan and India. In this regard, a survey questionnaire was distributed to the total of 50 Pakistani Hindus and 50 Indian Muslims under snowball sampling method. The findings were analyzed with the help of independent-samples t-test on SPSS. Findings indicate Pakistani Hindus have only 12% awareness and right to access information as compare to Indian Muslims. For the future studies, there is a need to develop awareness of Right to Information specially in Pakistan in order to improve accountability and transparency in the structure of government.

Study of Divalent and Trivalent Cations Substitution on X-Type Hexagonal Ferrites

In the present research work four X-type hexagonal ferrites series with compositions Ba2-xMgxCo2-ySryFe28O46, Sr2-xCaxNi2-yBayFe28O46, SrBaCu2-xCoxCryFe28-yO46 and SrBaZn2-xNixAlyFe28-yO46 where x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and y= 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 have been synthesized by sol gel auto-combustion method. The characterization of the entire compositions has been done by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dielectric measurements, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermo-gravimetric investigation reveals that hexagonal phase begins to form at a temperature ~1050 ºC and is completed at 1250 ºC for X-type hexagonal phase formation, which is also complimented by the XRD studies. The average crystalline sizes of four compositions were found within the range of 19-40nm. The variations in the lattice constants were in accordance with the dissimilarity in ionic radii of the host and substituted ions. FTIR analysis of entire synthesized compositions was observed in the range of 400-800cm-1 which indicated the existence of two vibrational bands appeared due to the octahedral and tetrahedral stretching vibrations. SEM images showed the hexagonal platelets structure which is best for microwave applications. The dielectric measurements of all synthesized composition were evaluated as the function of frequency and their behavior was described on the basis of Maxwell-Wagner and Koop’s theories. The obtained results revealed that dielectric constants, tan loss and the conductivities were found to be increased with the increased ratio of Mg-Sr, Ca-Ba and Co-Cr substituted synthesized samples. While the decreased trend in the dielectric constant for Ni-Al substituted samples are observed. Electric modulus studies were done to examine the relaxation behavior for all samples. To ensure the influence on magnetic characteristics of different divalent and trivalent cations substitution in synthesized compositions, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) was used. The variation in saturation magnetization, coercivity and remanence was observed on the basis of allocated cations in the different hexagonal lattice sites. The linear increase in saturation magnetization, remanence and coercivity in Co-Cr and Ni-Al substituted hexaferrite made them useful as permanent magnets while the decrease in saturation magnetization and coercivity in Mg-Sr and Ca-Ba substituted samples proposed these materials best for magnetic recording media as well as for microwave devices.