ذبح سے پہلے عمل تدویخ اور معاصر فقہی تحقیقات

Stunning is the process of rendering animals immobile or unconscious, with or without killing the animal, when or immediately prior to slaughtering them for food. In modern slaughterhouses a variety of stunning methods are used on livestock. Methods include: Electrical stunning, Gas stunning, Percussive stunning. There are three opinions of Islamic scholars about stunning. Those scholars; who do not allow stunning at all; are of the view that the method of rendering animals unconscious before slaughter is against the shairah method and Sunnah, and it is Makrooh e Teḥreemi. Before slaughtering, if an animal died due to stunning, then that animal is carcass and is not allowed to be eaten. But, if before slaughter, ḥayat e Mustaqirrah is present in animal and it is slaughtered in that condition then it is permissible to eat it. Certain scholars allow stunning in certain situations with some terms and conditions. The decisions of Mjam e Faqhiyyah of modern age are also based on conditional permission. Moreover, Mufti Muḥammad Taqi Usmani, Dr. Wahabah  Zoḥaili and Abdul Aziz Bin Baaz agree with conditional permission, while some other scholars allow all types of stunning without any condition; Mufti Muḥammad Abduho and his pupil Allamah Rasheed Raza Miṣri agree with later opinion.

Risk Management Issues in Coventional and Islamic Banking in Pakistan

The basic thrust of current study is to measure the magnitude and to gauge the severity of financial risk on profitability associated with the Islamic and conventional banking in Pakistan. To realize the magnitude and enormity of financial risk the credit, liquidity, interest rate and market risks are considered as major constituent of risk management practices. The magnitude of credit risk was calculated through conventionally recognized quantitative models (Z-Score, Altman Z-score, NPL ratio and Distance to Default and Default Probabilities for Black Schole Merton’s Model) whereas, the enormity of liquidity risk calculated through ratios including; cash and cash equivalent to total assets, investment to total assets and provision for net advances to total assets. Likewise, interest rate risk was computed by applying historical Gap Identification Model. The market risk was estimated through Value at Risk (VaR) Model at 90%, 95% and 99% confidence intervals. To gauge the combined effect of risk management practices on profitability and to realize the appropriate applicability of fixed or random effect model the Hauseman test was applied. The computed results of credit risk found Islamic banks hold more risk whereas the probability of bankruptcy in near future felt more in conventional banks relative to Islamic banks. The overall findings of liquidity risk revealed conventional banks possess a sound liquidity arrangement than Islamic banks. The sensitivity of interest rate on the volatility of interest income and the variability of liabilities as compared with assets were bit high among conventional banks. By and large, the calculated results of market risk inferred the volatility and potential to loss investment remained high in Islamic banks. Though, severity of financial crisis-2008 profusely hit the profitability of both banking systems but the Islamic banks felt more aggressively. The enormity of the credit risk accentuate management of the Islamic banks to give more emphasis on the credit risk whereas, the State Bank of Pakistan will have to keenly think on the changing paradigm of the interest rate sensitivity on the conventional banks and formulate unified strategies which may widely adopted by the conventional banks and prevent from future trauma.